CJA1

found at both the state and federal levels. They have paramilitary structures, although there is autonomy in that the states can make decisions about their institu‐ tions separately from the federal system. The primary di�erences in the institutions may include the gender be‐ ing housed, the age of the inmates, the types of o�enses committed by the inmates, and the treatment programs provided. But there are stark similarities in formalization regarding policies and procedures, training of employees, security, and control (McCamey & Cox, 2008). Employees in correctional institutions tend to follow strict policies, often explained in extensive policy manuals and acade‐ mies, and to work within a highly structured chain of command.

Figure 1.3 The Criminal Justice System

Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice

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