CJA1

where individuals may have some experiences (in driving past a prison, knowing someone who was jailed, hearing descriptions of the experiences of jailed celebrities, or watching a prison drama on television) but may not have experienced �rsthand the spectrum of correctional alter‐ natives. Thinking of corrections, one tends to think of prisons with fences, correctional o�cers, and uniformed inmates; however, corrections also includes probation, parole, treatment, diversion, and prevention programs. In this textbook, we discuss correctional institutions, such as prisons, in a chapter on prisons, jails, and detention centers (see Chapter 12). Correctional institutions are found at both the state and federal levels. They have paramilitary structures, although there is autonomy in that the states can make decisions about their institu‐ tions separately from the federal system. The primary di�erences in the institutions may include the gender be‐ ing housed, the age of the inmates, the types of o�enses committed by the inmates, and the treatment programs provided. But there are stark similarities in formalization regarding policies and procedures, training of employees, security, and control (McCamey & Cox, 2008). Employees in correctional institutions tend to follow strict policies, often explained in extensive policy manuals and acade‐ mies, and to work within a highly structured chain of command.

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