CJA1

the police in carrying out both law enforcement and ser vice-related duties. Police departments typically operate in a centralized manner so that quick responses can oc‐ cur when calls for assistance are made to the organiza‐ tion. In both enforcement and service-related circum‐ stances, the police are largely a reactive organization that depends on public cooperation in reporting crimes, pro‐ viding social control, and requesting assistance (McCamey & Cox, 2008). A detailed discussion of policing agencies is provided in Chapter 9.

The courts are depicted on television in courtroom dra‐ mas such as Law and Order. Most people are aware that there is a prosecuting attorney, defense counsel, a judge, and a jury in the courtroom, but they may not be aware of the court processes, rules, or procedures. Courts are also highly structured, centralized agencies reliant on formal procedures of presenting evidence and hearing cases. The major responsibility of the court system is to provide impartiality to those accused of committing criminal o�enses. In court cases, both parties, the defen‐ dant and the prosecutor, are allowed to present their ar‐ guments within strict procedural guidelines, and the judge and jury are meant to act as decision makers in de‐ termining guilt or innocence. Yet this is not the only function of the courts. The courts also determine bail, conduct preliminary hearings, rule on admissibility of evidence, interpret the law, and determine the appropri‐ ate sentences for o�enders Constitutional guarantees are46% of sample

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