CJA1

tion are centered on the client. Clients are the consumers of the nonpro�t organization’s services. In criminal jus‐ tice, this includes the victim, o�ender, community mem‐ ber, witness, treatment provider, and so forth. The non‐ pro�t is designed to meet the needs of the client (McNamara, 2007) by continually assessing the desires of the clients and determining the appropriate means of providing for them. This is a service-oriented approach and is the primary underlying theme of this textbook. Assessments may be done by the executive director or, in the case of criminal justice, the chief in charge of the agency to determine the e�ectiveness of the organization in meeting client needs. The chief is accountable for the work of the sta� and to the public, as well as for carrying out the strategic goals of the organization. If there are failures in meeting needs—for example, crime increases instead of decreases—the chief is the one called to the carpet, so to speak, for an explanation.

The chief may also engage in fundraising to meet the needs of the nonpro�t agency and, subsequently, the clientele. Fundraising is not meant to create a pro�t but to meet the �scal needs of the organization (McNamara, 2007). Funds may be garnered from grants, individuals, foundations, and for-pro�t corporations. Grants are likely considered one of the largest fundraising initia‐ tives in the criminal justice system (alongside forfei‐ tures). They are given by governmental agencies (federal

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Administration and Management in Criminal Justice: A Service…

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