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nization to accomplish individual and organizational goals. This is a behavioral approach. Behaviorists are in‐ terested in how those perceived as leaders can motivate others to perform. In their minds, leadership can be learned (Shanahan, 1978).

The �nal approach to explaining leadership is situa‐ tional. This approach realizes that no one behavior may be appropriate in all situations with all people and that traits alone cannot always inspire others (Fiedler, 1967). Instead, leaders should be able to adapt (and may be taught to do so) to the situation put before them in deter‐ mining how best to approach the goals of the organiza‐ tion and the individuals being led. In this case, leadership may be a learned quality. This seems to be the approach chosen by Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals in 2001. The company partnered with the University of Michigan Executive Education Center to develop curriculum to teach its scientists leadership skills. The curriculum re‐ quired the scientists to develop an individual action plan that addressed teamwork, qualities for success and fail‐ ure, self-awareness, coaching others, communication, creativity, motivation, organizational structure, setting direction, and promoting change. Parke-Davis believes that its managers have an improved sense of self-aware‐ ness, leadership behaviors, and self-con�dence as a result of the program. In addition, the organization feels the program provides employees with a “clearer idea of re‐

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