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Mismanagement of Fayol’s organizational elements can lead to breakdown and disorganization (Dias & Vaughn, 2006; Wren, 1994). For example, when unity of direction is not strictly adhered to, the criminal justice system fails. Dias and Vaughn cite the example of administrative breakdown during the riots of May 1992 in Los Angeles after the acquittal of the o�cers who were charged with the beating of Rodney King. It was reported that no spe‐ ci�c senior o�cer of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) could be identi�ed from whom the frontline o�‐ cers were to receive orders or to whom they were to re‐ port (Police Foundation, 1992). Similarly, the abuses at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were attributed to the unclear dissemination of procedures, goals, and objectives, which resulted from con�icting directions that soldiers got from multiple senior o�cers. There was a lack of unity of command that led to administrative failure (Hersh, 2004).

Though Fayol’s (1949) managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are routinely used in criminal justice agencies, some of the principles are not compatible with those of contemporary management. For example, centralization of power and authority at up‐ per levels of the organization is not considered to be a fa‐ vored practice. Instead, modern management principles allow frontline workers more autonomy and authority

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Administration and Management in Criminal Justice: A Service…

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