CJAS2

11. Equity. Management should display equity, fairness, and a sense of justice toward subordinates.

12. Stability of personnel tenure. Employees learn with experience, making them more productive and e�‐ cient with tenure and job security. Therefore, em‐ ployee turnover should be prevented as much as possible.

13. Initiative. The general work environment should provide the subordinates su�cient freedom to take initiative in carrying out their day-to-day work.

14. Esprit de corps. Management should foster worker morale, team spirit, and harmony among workers to create a sense of organizational unity.

Many of the principles proposed by Fayol, such as divi‐ sion of work, authority and responsibility, unity of direc‐ tion, remuneration of personnel, and order (Fayol, 1949), are compatible with the views of scienti�c management and apply well to the criminal justice system. Fayol favors division of labor, a principle that is implemented in crim‐ inal justice agencies. There are line personnel (police o�‐ cers, correctional o�cers, probation o�cers, juvenile o�‐ cers) who are frontline workers implementing the orga‐ nizational goals and objectives. Specialized sta� members work behind the scenes, supporting the frontline o�cers by providing advice in such areas as planning, research, legal issues, and so forth. Auxiliary functions provide lo‐ gistical support, including record keeping, communica‐ tions, operations, map directions, coordination, and so on (Wren, 1994). Specialization and division of labor bring e�ciency by focusing on understanding the law and mastering the technicalities of work. Specialization al‐

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