CJAS2

ment focuses on managers and the functions they per‐ form. Henri Fayol (1841–1925), a French mining engi‐ neer, gained popularity when he revitalized a struggling mining company and turned it into a �nancial success. Based on this successful experience, he identi�ed man‐ agement functions as planning, organizing, commanding/leading, coordinating, and controlling. He proposed 14 general principles of management, which formed the foundation for modern practice and organiza‐ tional design (Fayol, 1949) and are discussed below.

Fayol’s General Principles of Management

1. Division of work. E�ciency and productivity could be improved by dividing the work into smaller work elements called tasks and assigning them to the workers. High repetition of tasks improves the learning, thus increasing the e�ciency and produc‐ tivity of employees.

2. Authority. To carry out managerial responsibilities, the managers should have the authority to issue commands to their sta�.

3. Discipline. The sta� should be disciplined to obey the issued commands and the rules of the organiza‐ tion for its smooth functioning.

4. Unity of command. Each worker should get orders from one boss to whom he or she reports. This clear line of command will avoid con�icts and confusion.

5. Unity of direction. All similar and related activities should be organized and directed under one man‐ ager. Such an arrangement will also facilitate unity of command.

6. Subordination of individual interest to the general in‐ terest. The goals of the organization should super‐

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