CJAS2

and examine the work of bricklayers; he then restruc‐ tured the tasks in a way that reduced the number of mo‐ tions from 18 to 5, resulting in a 200% productivity in‐ crease (Lewis, Goodman, & Fandt, 2001). Lillian Gilbreth focused on the human aspects of industrial engineering for improving e�ciency and productivity. She favored standard days, safer working conditions, scheduled lunch breaks and rest periods, and abolition of child labor.

Contemporary industrial engineers still use time and mo‐ tion studies and the principles of scienti�c management to design jobs for greatest e�ciency. These methods are also employed in sports. Coaches take their players through hours of videotapes along with commentary on how to perform an action correctly with the least amount of energy and maximum e�ect. The positions the players are recruited to play have been carefully matched to individual strengths. In law enforcement, the principles of scienti�c management are greatly empha‐ sized when designing physical strength–building rou‐ tines and in training o�cers to deal with uncooperative and dangerous o�enders. Hours of videotapes and hands-on training are used to train law enforcement o�‐ cers in physically handling uncooperative o�enders and in the use of force. Every move is carefully planned and simulated by law enforcement o�cers using task perfor‐ mance and the principles of time and motion studies.

Although the traditional model of organizational design 63% of sample

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