CJA1

and concerns.

Koontz (1961) stated, “Most people would agree that [management] means getting things done through and with people” (p. 17). Management, as viewed in this book, is best de�ned within groups. It is an ongoing process that works toward achieving organizational goals. It may consist of multiple organizational layers, o�ces, people, positions, and so on. In other words, management is an ongoing process of getting things done through a variety of people with the least amount of e�ort, expense, and waste, ultimately resulting in the achievement of organi‐ zational goals (Moore, 1964).

Identifying an Organization

Blau and Scott (1962) de�ned an organization by using categories. The �rst category consists of the owners or managers of the organization, and the second consists of the members of the rank and �le. Third are the clients, or what Blau and Scott referred to as the people who are out‐ side the organization but have regular contact with it. Fourth is the public at large or the members of society in which the organization operates. They suggest that orga‐ nizations bene�t someone—either the management, the membership, the client, or the commonwealth. This de�‐ nition �ts well with private enterprise in that the man‐ agers or shareholders may bene�t greatly from the22% of sample

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