CJAS2

g Though each sub�eld has a somewhat di�erent focus, they contain some overlapping elements and compo‐ nents. All of these models assume that people are rational beings, who act logically and correctly when faced by a given situation. In other words, these models assume that labor is homogenous and that workers behave and act the same way every time they face a similar situation. According to these models, the correctional o�cer, the police o�cer, and the jury will all behave the same way when presented with similar situations at di�erent times and in di�erent places.

Scienti�c Management

In scienti�c management, the focus was on improving individual productivity. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), the father of scienti�c management, be‐ lieved that poor management practices and procedures were the primary problems. While employed at Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he began experimenting with methods that focused on the worker–machine relationship in manufacturing plants. Based on his observations, he formulated opinions in the areas of task performance, supervision, and motivation that are discussed here (Locke, 1982; Taylor, 1911).

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