CJSA1

g , , p , work for the able-bodied in workhouses” (“Poor Law”, 2012). Under the Poor Laws, persons who were needy through no fault of their own—such as the elderly, the sick, widows with children, and orphans—were cared for, whereas those who were needy but viewed to have caused their need, or perceived as being able to address their need without assistance, were fairly ignored. The ignored population included older children/young adults, pregnant single mothers, and criminals.

The Puritans followed the Elizabethan Poor Law model in caring for needy members in the community and took up collections in the parishes to meet those needs. Throughout much of U.S. history, benevolent associa‐ tions were created as a kind of community-based insur‐ ance plan where individuals joined the association and paid dues that were used to help a family with illness or the costs of burial. These associations were established along the lines of ethnicity, employment, or religious a�liation.

The �rst grants made by the U.S. government were land grants providing the opportunity for citizens to obtain property upon which to build a home and put down roots. Bounty Land Warrants were provided to soldiers in the Revolutionary War in lieu of �nancial compensation. The Morrill Act of 1862 provided 30,000 acres of land for each congressional district that resulted in the creation

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