CJAS2

tify the causes of the problems. In other words, the exter‐ nal environment would not be blamed for the abuse. The prison and its o�cials would assume that something within the facility led to these issues.

The closed-system models, some of which may seem un‐ realistic in the present circumstances, were the products of the problems and subsequent changes that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. At the beginning of in‐ dustrialization in the mid-1800s, the early factories were highly ine�cient. There were no documented correct ways of doing work. Organizations were constantly thinking of ways to design and manage work to increase productivity, with the focus primarily being internal. The theories and models that emerged as a result are often termed machine models, also popularly known as classical models or traditional models. These models sought to make organizations run like e�cient, well-oiled ma‐ chines by correcting the internal functioning of the organizations.

The three main sub�elds of the classical perspective are scienti�c management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. As will be examined, sci‐ enti�c management focuses on the productivity of the in‐ dividual worker, administrative management focuses on the functions of the management, and bureaucratic man‐ agement focuses on the overall organizational system

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