CJAS2

g , g disadvantages in managing the criminal justice system are examined. In the second section, the open-system models are reported, where the humanistic and behav‐ ioral perspectives are introduced. This section provides a discussion on the total quality management model and the supply chain/synergy model, which introduces a new concept of including the customer’s perspective in de‐ signing open systems. Within each model, the advan‐ tages and disadvantages in managing the criminal justice system are examined. The third section examines the changing face of the criminal justice system, making a strong argument for building learning organizations. Such organizations, which are more e�ective and better suited to the criminal justice system, can only be devel‐ oped on the foundations of an open system.

Closed-System Models: The Classical Perspective

Closed-system models consider external environment in‐ �uences (described in detail in Chapter 4) to be stable and predictable, and they assume that they do not intervene in or cause problems for the functioning of an organiza‐ tion. Therefore, the closed-system models do not depend on the external environment for explanations or solu‐ tions to managerial issues; instead, they are enclosed and sealed o� from the outside world (Daft, 2015). These

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