CJAS2

g g Explain how the criminal justice system can become a learning organization

Organization design and management practices have transformed over time in response to changes in society. New organizations emerge when fresh needs are discov‐ ered or new technologies are available. Alternatively, or‐ ganizations die or are transformed when the needs satis‐ �ed by them no longer exist or have been replaced by other needs (Katz & Kahn, 1966; Mitro�, Mason, & Pearson, 1994). Organizational theory is a way to examine and analyze organizations more precisely and intensely based on patterns and trends in organizational design and behavior, which otherwise may not have been done (Daft, 2015). The purpose of this chapter is to explore the nature of organizations and organizational theory. Scholars have provided various models to characterize organizations to view them more scienti�cally. The cen‐ tral management objective addressed in these models is the e�cient running of the organization. These models become the basis for explanations of organizational events, and they can be broadly classi�ed as closed sys‐ tems or open systems depending on their starting pre‐ sumption (Thompson, 1967). The closed-system models tend to focus on internal events when explaining organi‐ zational actions and behavior, while open-system models f i ll h i i57% of sample

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