CJAS2

ganization. New York, NY: Free Press.

CHAPTER TWO OPEN VERSUS CLOSED SYSTEMS

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter, students should be able to do the following:

De�ne closed-system models: scienti�c man‐ agement, administrative management, and bureaucratic management De�ne open-system models: total quality man‐ agement model and supply chain/synergy model Describe how the environment is changing and the need for a learning organization Explain how the criminal justice system can become a learning organization

Organization design and management practices have transformed over time in response to changes in society56% of sample

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