Graduate research
Emir7
KG604Textbook-FoundationsofSecondaryResearch2022-2023.pdf
Foundations of
Secondary
Research
❖ Using APA 7th-Edition Style
❖ Finding, Evaluating, and Summarizing
Research Articles
❖ Writing a Research Paper
❖ Creating a Research Presentation
MONROE COLLEGE
AND
KING GRADUATE SCHOOL
2022-2023
CREATED AND COMPILED BY
MANYA C. BOUTENEFF, EdD
AMANDA L. RAMLOCHAN, MA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Milestone 1 – Refine Your Topic and Finding Research Articles on Your Topic
Steps to getting there:
A. Brainstorming Research Problems .......................................................................................2
Search for Recent Newspaper Articles to Help Brainstorm Topics .........................2
Resources to Help You: Monroe College Library ...................................................3
B. Select a Topic And Develop a Research Question with Examples ......................................4
Activity: Develop Proposals for Topics and Research Questions ............................5
C. Activity: Identifying Characteristics of a Research Articles..................................................6
D. Learn to Use Monroe College Library Databases and Evaluate Source Validity ................7
Databases: Navigation ..............................................................................................7
Databases: Subject Specific .....................................................................................8
Milestone 2 - Writing Your Literature Review
Steps to getting there:
A. APA 7 Basics .....................................................................................................................12
B. Learn Heading Levels – APA 7 .........................................................................................13
C. Learn the Five Basic Research Study Methodologies ........................................................14
D. Learn the Difference Between Correlation and Causation .................................................15
E. Six Questions to Answer to Summarize a Research Article ..............................................16
F. Writing an Objective Summary..........................................................................................17
Activity: Practice with Objective Summaries ........................................................17
Writing an Objective Summary: What Not to Do ..................................................18
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Rubric for Objective Summary ..............................................................................19
Student Sample with Annotations: Objective Summary ........................................20
G. Learn to Avoid Plagiarism with In-Text Citations .............................................................23
Citing Multiple Works with Same First Author(s) in the Same Year: ...................26
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses .......................................................26
Groups as Authors ..................................................................................................26
Citing Indirect (Secondary) Sources ......................................................................27
Citing in a Paragraph with a Single and Multiple Source ......................................28
Page Number Abbreviations ..................................................................................29
H. Rubric for References Page ................................................................................................30
Student Sample with Annotations: References Page ............................................31
I. APA 7: Create References and In-Text Citations for Your Research Articles ..................33
Journal Articles: Single Author and Two Authors .................................................33
Journal Articles: 3-20 Authors and 21 or More Authors .......................................34
E-Books: Chapter in a Book, With and Without Editors .......................................35
Webpages: With Author’s Name or Group Author ...............................................36
Additional Resources: Online News Articles and Film .........................................37
Additional Resources: YouTube Videos and Instructional Aids ..........................38
Additional Resources: PowerPoint Slides .............................................................39
Activity: References Game ....................................................................................40
J. Define the Literature Review .............................................................................................41
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Three Parts of the Literature Review .....................................................................42
K. Activity: Developing Part 1 - Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review .....................44
L. Activity: Developing Part 3 – Analysis of Literature for Your Conclusion Paragraph .....45
M. Activity: Checklist for the Literature Review ....................................................................46
N. Student Sample Literature Review .....................................................................................48
Milestone 3 - Writing Your Discussion
Steps to getting there:
A. Building the Discussion .....................................................................................................54
Activity: Summarize Your News Article to Identify Problem and Population......54
Activity: Find a Company/Organization/Policy Contributing to Mitigation .........55
Activity: Develop Your Recommendation with Evidence .....................................56
Milestone 4 - Assembling Your Research Paper
Steps to getting there:
A. Write the Introductory Paragraph to Your Research Paper ................................................58
Outline for Introductory Paragraph ........................................................................58
Student Sample of an Introductory Paragraph .......................................................58
Activity: 1st Sentence of the Opening Paragraph ..................................................60
The Thesis Statement with Samples.......................................................................61
General Formula .................................................................................................... 61
KG 604: Steps to the Thesis .................................................................................. 61
Sample Thesis Statements ..................................................................................... 61
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Activity: Practice with Parts of the Thesis Statement ............................................62
Activity: Drafting Your Thesis Statement .............................................................63
B. Insert the Literature Review and Discussion Sections .......................................................64
C. The Conclusion Paragraph .................................................................................................65
Activity: Checklist to the Conclusion Paragraph: ..................................................65
D. Activity: Checklist for the Final Research Paper ...............................................................66
Milestone 5 - Creating and Delivering an Impactful Presentation on Your Topic
Steps to getting there:
A. Creating an Impactful Presentation – Questions and a Checklist ......................................73
B. H.A.T.S. .............................................................................................................................75
C. Constructing Bulleted Lists ................................................................................................76
D. Rubric for PowerPoints ......................................................................................................78
E. Rubric for Delivering a Presentation ..................................................................................79
1 Milestone 1
1
Milestone 1
Milestone 1 – Refine Your Topic and Finding Research Articles on Your Topic
Steps to getting there:
A. Brainstorming Research Problems ..........................................................................................2
Search for Recent Newspaper Articles to Help Brainstorm Topics ............................2
Resources to Help You: Monroe College Library ......................................................3
B. Select a Topic And Develop a Research Question with Examples .........................................4
Activity: Develop Proposals for Topics and Research Questions ..............................5
C. Activity: Identifying Characteristics of a Research Articles ....................................................6
D. Learn to Use Monroe College Library Databases and Evaluate Source Validity ...................7
Databases: Navigation .................................................................................................7
Databases: Subject Specific ........................................................................................8
Find research articles on your topic while refining the topic
You reached your 1st Milestone!!
2 Milestone 1
2
Brainstorming Research Problems
The first step of the research process is to brainstorm relevant problems that interest you and are
related to your area of study.
Think about your field of study as a master's student. Use one of the two methods below to learn ways
to find two news articles. You will need to find articles that report on issues or problems related to the
industry of your major of study as a master’s student (you could think about scandals within the last 5
years).
Two Methods to Find Your News Article
Method 1: Google
a. Go to Google
b. Type in the search bar → your major + selected search term + timeframe
Major Search Terms Timeframe
Select your major:
• Business/Accounting
• Computer Science
• Criminal Justice
• Health Care
Administration/Public
Health
• Teaching
You may choose to
search each of the terms
below, but do so one at
a time.
Select your term:
• Scandals
• Issues
• Problems
• Controversies
Must be within the last
5 years
Checklist to Help You Evaluate Website Sources
If you marked any of these ‘No’, find a new resource!
Yes/No Is the author/publisher/source/sponsor known, or are the author’s
credentials or organizational affiliations respected?
Yes/No Does the URL end in .edu .gov .org?
(check with your professor if .com is acceptable)
Yes/No Does the source provide objective data
(does not attempt to sway the reader to any belief system)?
3 Milestone 1
3
Method 2: Industry-Specific Publications or Organizations to access through Google or the
Monroe College Library (you can ask your department’s professors for names of other
sources, too)
Major/Industry Publication Titles and/or Organizations
Business/Accounting
• Wall Street Journal
• Financial Times
• Barron’s
• Brookings Institution
Computer Science
• Wired
• PC Magazine
Criminal Justice
• Justice Department
• Bureau of Justice Statistics
Health Care
Administration/Public
Health
• New York Times
• Kaiser Family Foundation
• The Commonwealth Fund
• JAMA
Teaching
• Education Week
• EdSurge
Troubleshoot Accessibility
Resources to Help You
Monroe College Library
• Link: https://monroecollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=589202&p=4073017
• Hyperlink: Finding Newspaper Articles - Finding Articles in the Databases - Monroe College
LibGuides at Monroe College
If you do not have full access to the article or you are told to pay to gain access,
please contact the Monroe College Library for help on how to gain access.
4 Milestone 1
4
Topics and Research Questions
Research Problem: A General Area of Study You Want to Learn
About Example Topics
If my master’s degree program is education, I would come up with something
like this:
Issue/Problem 1: Depression and anxiety among young adults
1) People Involved: College students, parents
2) Link to Article: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-
health/speaking-of-health/college-students-and-depression
3) My Research Question: What have researchers learned about the impact of COVID
19 on depression and anxiety among young adult students?
If my master’s degree program is public health, I would come up with something like this:
Issue/Problem 2: Walgreens’ contribution to the opioid crisis in San Francisco
1) People Involved: Walgreens, pharmacists, doctors, patients, public spaces in San
Francisco
2) Link to Article: https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2022-08-
10/judge-walgreens-contributed-to-san-francisco-opioid-crisis
3) My Research Question: What have researchers learned about contributing factors
to opioid misuse?
Important Note: Research questions can be about impacts (effects), perceptions,
disparities, contributing factors, or correlations.
Milestone 1 5
5
Activity: Develop Proposals for Topics and Research Questions
Complete the brainstorming worksheet below. Your professor will approve one of the proposed research
problems below for you to use this semester, which will be developed in the final KG 604 research paper.
Proposed Research Problem 1:
1) People Involved:
2) Link to Article:
3) My Research Question: What have researchers learned about
?
Proposed Research Problem 2:
1) People Involved:
2) Link to Article:
3) My Research Question: What have researchers learned about
?
Optional Proposed Research Problem 3:
1) People Involved:
2) Link to Article:
3) My Research Question: What have researchers learned about
?
Milestone 1 6
6
Identifying Research Articles
1. In your database, check off that you want only
FULL TEXT articles that are in RESEARCH JOURNALS
2. Then, please fill out the checklist for each article you want to use.
(A research article will always include how the study was done, and what the researchers
found. Any “no” means this is NOT a research article and you need to find a different one!)
Complete the Activity Below
Name of article #1
Does it detail how the study was conducted?
Does it detail what the researcher(s) found?
Name of article #2
Does it detail how the study was conducted?
Does it detail what the researcher(s) found?
Name of article #3
Does it detail how the study was conducted?
Does it detail what the researcher(s) found?
Important to Note
You will typically need at least 5 research articles for a Literature Review, but as this is a
foundations course, you will only provide a total of 3 research articles for your Literature
Review.
Milestone 1 7
7
Databases: Navigation
Follow the instructions below to navigate to the Monroe College library databases:
1. Go to www.monroecollege.edu
2. In the upper right hand corner, click on this icon for a drop-down menu:
3. Click on “Current Students”
4. Click on “My Monroe”
5. Log in using your Monroe College username and password
6. Ensure you are coded as “Student” (not “Member” or “Faculty,” like the image below)
7. If you are not coded as “Student,” you will need toto
to contact the IT Help Desk to have this fixed before you will be able to move on:
646-393-8290
8. Click on the “Library Resources” icon
9. Scroll to the bottom and click on “Databases”
10. A long list of databases will populate and you have
access to all of them as a Monroe College student!
Milestone 1 8
8
Databases: Subject Specific
Business Administration/Accounting
• ABI/INFORM Complete (ProQuest) – Includes access to business, economic, finance,
industry, marketing and scholarly sources, such as the Wall Street Journal and industry
reports.
• Business Insights: Essentials (Gale) – Includes access to company and industry
information.
• Business Source Premier (EBSCO) – Includes access to business, economic, industry
and scholarly sources, such as Harvard Business Review and SWOT analyses.
Computer Science
• ABI/INFORM Complete (ProQuest) – Includes access to IT-related scholarly and news
sources, such as the Wall Street Journal.
• Academic Search Premier (EBSCO) - Includes access to IT-related scholarly and news
sources, such as the Wall Street Journal and Online Journal of Applied Knowledge
Management.
Criminal Justice
• Criminal Justice Database (ProQuest) – Includes access to criminal justice and law-
related scholarly sources.
• Social Science Journals (ProQuest) - Includes access to criminal justice-related
scholarly sources.
9 Milestone 1
9
Health Care Administration/Public Health
• ABI/INFORM Complete (ProQuest) – Includes access to business, economic,
finance, industry, marketing and scholarly sources, such as the Wall Street Journal
and industry reports.
• Business Insights: Essentials (Gale) – Includes access to company and industry
information.
• Business Source Premier (EBSCO) – Includes access to business, economic,
industry and scholarly sources, such as Harvard Business Review and SWOT
analyses.
• CINAHL Plus (EBSCO) – Includes access to health-related scholarly and industry
sources.
• Health Management Database (ProQuest) – Includes access to health-related
scholarly and industry sources, such as American Journal of Public Health.
• Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition (EBSCO) – Includes access to health-
related scholarly and industry sources.
• MEDLINE (EBSCO) – Includes access to health-related scholarly and industry
sources.
•
Teaching
• Education Database (ProQuest) – Includes access to education-related scholarly and
industry sources, such as The Chronicle of Higher Education.
• Eric (EBSCO) – Includes access to education-related scholarly sources.
Milestone 2 10
10
Milestone 2
Milestone 2 - Writing Your Literature Review
Steps to getting there:
A. APA 7 Basics .....................................................................................................................12
B. Learn Heading Levels – APA 7 .........................................................................................13
C. Learn the Five Basic Research Study Methodologies ........................................................14
D. Learn the Difference Between Correlation and Causation .................................................15
E. Six Questions to Answer to Summarize a Research Article ..............................................16
F. Writing an Objective Summary..........................................................................................17
Activity: Practice with Objective Summaries ........................................................17
Writing an Objective Summary: What Not to Do ..................................................18
Rubric for Objective Summary ..............................................................................19
Student Sample with Annotations: Objective Summary ........................................20
G. Learn to Avoid Plagiarism with In-Text Citations .............................................................23
Citing Multiple Works with Same First Author(s) in the Same Year: ...................26
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses .......................................................26
Groups as Authors ..................................................................................................26
Citing Indirect (Secondary) Sources ......................................................................27
Citing in a Paragraph with a Single and Multiple Source ......................................28
Page Number Abbreviations ..................................................................................29
H. Rubric for References Page ................................................................................................30
Student Sample with Annotations: References Page ............................................31
Milestone 2 11
11
I. APA 7: Create References and In-Text Citations for Your Research Articles ..................33
Journal Articles: Single Author and Two Authors .................................................33
Journal Articles: 3-20 Authors and 21 or More Authors .......................................34
E-Books: Chapter in a Book, With and Without Editors .......................................35
Webpages: With Author’s Name or Group Author ...............................................36
Additional Resources: Online News Articles and Film .........................................37
Additional Resources: YouTube Videos and Instructional Aids ..........................38
Additional Resources: PowerPoint Slides .............................................................39
Activity: References Game ....................................................................................40
J. Define the Literature Review .............................................................................................41
Three Parts of the Literature Review .....................................................................42
K. Activity: Developing Part 1 - Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review .....................44
L. Activity: Developing Part 3 – Analysis of Literature for Your Conclusion Paragraph .....45
M. Activity: Checklist for the Literature Review ....................................................................46
N. Student Sample Literature Review .....................................................................................48
Write your literature review
You reached your 2nd Milestone!!
Your Literature Review will be added to your overall research paper in Milestone 4!
Milestone 2 12
12
APA 7 Basics
Margins
• 1” all around
Typeface
• Times New Roman 12-point (TNR12) (font selected by Monroe College from several
allowable fonts) *Consider making TNR12 your default font in Microsoft Word
Page Numbers
• Start on title page
• Upper right corner of header (.5” from top of page) also in TNR12
New Paragraphs
• Indent first line of each paragraph .5”
Spacing
• Double space
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Important: Adjust the settings as seen below for Windows or Mac for correct spacing
Windows
Step 1 – Click on the little arrow circled below Step 2 – Be sure the settings are as below
Mac
Step 1 – Click on the little arrow circled below Step 2 – Be sure the settings are as below
and then select “Line Spacing Options...”
Milestone 2 13
13
Heading Levels – APA 7
Level Format
1
Centered, Boldface, Title Case Heading
Text starts a new paragraph.
2
Flush left, Boldface, Title Case Heading
Text starts a new paragraph.
Flush Left, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading
Text starts a new paragraph.
4
Indented, Boldface Title Case Heading Ending with a Period.
Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.
5
Indented, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading Ending with a Period.
Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.
Note. Adapted from Purdue University
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_headings_an
d_seriation.html
Example of Heading Levels 1, 2, and 3 in Action
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Begin writing about what you will discuss and introduce the various elements to be
discussed and analyzed.
Harassment
Under such a heading, you would introduce and discuss your definition. You will be the
one to decide how many paragraphs will be written here, as every paper and every study will
vary in length.
Sexual Harassment
Here, you would discuss this particular type of harassment for as long as you need to.
Milestone 2 14
14
Research Study Methodologies
(Include in your objective summaries as part of the “how”)
1. Quantitative Research using numbers such percentages, or closed-ended
surveys (e.g., yes/no, multiple choice, Likert scales, numerical
ratings)
2. Qualitative Research using what is not describable with numbers such as
perceptions, observations, or interviews, focus groups, or open-
ended survey questions
3. Mixed-methods Research using both numbers and perceptions/observations
4. Literature reviews Research summarizing what other researchers have found on your
topic
5. Meta-studies Research finding the overall results of many similar studies
(Adapted from: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext)
Milestone 2 15
15
Correlation Versus Causation
Correlation is when two things occur at the same time
Causation is when one or more things cause another thing
Correlation May Be a Step in Exploring Causation
Never Assume Causation Just Because There is a Correlation
Researchers are scrupulously careful never to make this mistake. They talk about correlation
WAY before they dare to state causation.
Example 1:
Before determining that cigarette smoking causes certain types of cancer, researchers had
to see if there was a correlation: did people who smoked have a higher rate of certain
cancers? Once the correlation was established, researchers could start to explore
causation.
Example 2:
A researcher finds that asthma rates are higher in a certain neighborhood. That is a
correlation. Does this mean that having a certain address causes asthma? Probably not, but what
about that neighborhood might be the reason for this correlation? The researcher might then
start to look for causation and find that this neighborhood is near a waste-management facility.
Does this mean that the waste management facility causes cancer? Probably the building itself is
not the problem. Researchers might then examine what about living near a waste management
facility might influence cancer rates: they might look at air quality, or soil quality, and start to
learn more about actual causation.
Milestone 2 16
16
Six Questions to Answer to Summarize a Research Article: 5 “W”
Questions and 1 “H” Question
1. Who: Name of the author*
*If more than one author, the name you use must be the first (primary) author listed,
who is responsible for ensuring the quality of others’ contributions
2. When: In what year was the study conducted (usually not the publication year)
3. Where: In which city, state, or country was the study conducted
4. Why: Why was the study conducted – what did the researcher(s) hope to learn
5. How: How was the study conducted – detailed description including
methodology (qualitative, quantitative, mixed-method, literature
review, or meta-study)
6. What: What did the researcher(s) find – give the results of the study with specificity, so we
understand the value of the study, and how it relates to the WHY
Milestone 2 17
17
Writing an Objective Summary
What to Do: Write A Short Version of the Article
Focus on the 6 Important Questions:
Anyone reading the summary below knows who the main author is (last name of the first
author listed if there are more than one); why, when, where, and how the study was conducted;
and what the researcher(s) found (5 “W” questions and 1 “H” question).
Good Example of an Objective Summary
Activity: Practice with Objective Summaries
Please Find the Answers to All Six Questions Below and Underline Them!
Dall’Ora et al. (2015) conducted a study between June 2009 and June 2010 to examine
the association between nurses working long shifts and burnout, job dissatisfaction,
dissatisfaction with work schedule flexibility and intention to leave a current job among hospital
nurses. The researchers sent quantitative surveys to 31,627 registered nurses from 12 European
countries. These included 118 questions about care quality and safety, last shift worked, and the
participants and their jobs. The response rate was 62%, and over 8,600 nurses were found to
have experienced high burnout: 27% of them experienced emotional exhaustion, 10%
experienced high depersonalization, and 17% of the nurses experienced low personal
accomplishment (Dall’Ora et al., 2015). The study also found an association between nurses
working longer than 8 hours and decreased job satisfaction. Nurses working ≥12 hours also
experienced a higher rate of burnout, higher overall job dissatisfaction, and dissatisfaction with
work flexibility, resulting in the intention to leave the job (Dall’Ora et al., 2015).
Milestone 2 18
18
Writing an Objective Summary: What Not to Do
What NOT to Do: Write ABOUT the Article
The example below gives us information on what the article was about, but we are left in
the dark about how the author conducted the study, and what she found.
Bad Example
In the study, Chiara Dall’Ora et al. (2015), explained the connection between shift length
and burnout among nurses in European countries. In the article, they tell why they conducted the
research, how they conducted the research, and also gives the results of the research, providing
statistics of the findings (Dall’Ora et al., 2015).
What NOT to Do: Write CONCLUSIONS/OPINIONS About the Article
The example below gives us information about what the reader’s conclusions or opinions
are.
BAD Example
In the study, Chiara Dall’Ora et al. (2015), explained the connection between shift length
and burnout among nurses in European countries. This is an important issue because we have to
make sure nurses are not burnt out so they can care for patients properly. In the article, they tell
why they conducted the research, how they conducted the research, and they also give the results
of the research, providing statistics of the findings. If more hospital administrators cared about
the well-being of nurses and implemented change, we would have a better healthcare system
(Dall’Ora et al., 2015).
Milestone 2 19
19
Rubric for Objective Summary
Please check off where your assignment is on each criterion in this rubric
and submit it with your assignment
Criteria Excellent Not yet excellent Not yet satisfactory
Free of opinion Summary is free of
opinion
Summary has one
opinion word
Summary has more than
one opinion word
Using own
words
Summary is entirely
in the student’s own
words
A short phrase
appears not to be in
student’s own words
Piece has elements of
plagiarism (some parts
appear to be copied from
the article being
summarized)
Effectiveness of
summary
Summary provides
ALL 6 important
points:
Who conducted the
research (primary
author)
Why?
Where?
When?
How?
What were the
findings?
1 of the 6 questions
is unanswered or is
insufficiently
answered
2 or more of the 6
questions are unanswered
or are insufficiently
answered
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY #3 20
Milestone 2 20
Objective Summary #3: Shift Length and Nursing Burnout
Katniss Everdeen
Department of Public Health, King Graduate
School PH 601: Public Health Systems & Practice
Dr. John H.
Watson July 1,
2021
(Objective Summary sample adapted from the work of a graduate student at Monroe College)
(running head optional for student papers)
Page #
Paper Title (bold with title capitalization)
(NOTICE one blank, double-spaced line)
Your Name
Course Number &
Name
Due Date
Department & Name of
College
Instructor’s Name
(first name optional)
1
Milestone 2 21
21
Length and Nursing Burnout
Dall’Ora et al. (2015) conducted a study between June 2009 and June 2010 to examine
the association between nurses working long shifts and burnout, job dissatisfaction,
dissatisfaction with work schedule flexibility and intention to leave a current job among hospital
nurses. The researchers sent quantitative surveys to 31,627 registered nurses from 12 European
countries. These included 118 questions about care quality and safety, last shift worked, and the
participants and their jobs. The response rate was 62%, and over 8,600 nurses were found to
have experienced high burnout: 27% of them experienced emotional exhaustion, 10%
experienced high depersonalization, and 17% of the nurses experienced low personal
accomplishment (Dall’Ora et al., 2015). The study also found an association between nurses
working longer than 8 hours and decreased job satisfaction. Nurses working ≥12 hours also
experienced a higher rate of burnout, higher overall job dissatisfaction, and dissatisfaction with
work flexibility, resulting in the intention to leave the job (Dall’Ora et al., 2015).
Paper Title (bold, centered, & on the first line)
WHO WHEN
WHERE
WHY
HOW (in detail)
WHAT (in detail)
Page #
2
Milestone 2 22
22
References
Dall’Ora, C., Griffiths, P., Ball, J., Simon, M., & Aiken, L. H. (2015). Association of 12 h shifts and nurses’
job satisfaction, burnout and intention to leave: Findings from a cross- sectional study of 12
European countries. BMJ Open, 5(9), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008331
0.5”
1 tab
(hanging
indent)
SAMPLE PERFECT COVER PAGE IN APA 7
(running head optional for student papers) (shorten title to 50 characters or less, if longer)
MEDICAL CANNABIS References (bold,
centered, & on the first line)
Page #
3
Milestone 2 23
23
Plagiarism: Definition, and How to Avoid Plagiarizing
Definition
Using someone’s words or ideas without giving them credit.
You MUST Give Credit (Cite)
When you are using
• a direct quote using quotation marks
• someone else’s facts or ideas, EVEN IF PARAPHRASING
When in Doubt, CITE
If you are wondering whether you need to cite, play it safe: do.
Never “Cut and Paste”
Unless it is a short phrase, and you are planning to put quotation marks around it and cite
(if your professor allows quoting text).
Tips to Using Your Own Words to Avoid Using Quotation Marks (you must still cite!)
1. Read.
2. Turn the article upside down.
3. Explain what you read in your own words, as though you were talking to your
professor.
4. Write those words.
24 Milestone 2
24
Avoiding Plagiarism when Paraphrasing:
Paraphrasing is Stating Someone Else’s Information or Ideas in Your Own Words
Every sentence is independent and if there is no in-text citation in a sentence, it tells the
reader that those words (and thoughts) are original to you, the author of the paper. As an
academic, you are expected to use outside sources, so learning to cite paraphrased material is
paramount to avoiding plagiarism, and to your success.
When Do I Need to Cite?
Ask yourself, “is this information common knowledge?” If yes, do not cite. If no, ask
yourself “how do I know this information?” and cite that source. There is a difference between
saying the sky is blue, which is common knowledge (no citation), versus explaining WHY the
sky is blue, which is not (cite the source).
Read the paragraph below. After reading each blue portion, ask yourself, “is this common
knowledge?” In this example, the answer will be “no.” Now ask yourself, “how do I know this?”
and you would insert the source’s citation.
Key strategies of public healthcare concepts include mapping, web-based
reporting, and laboratory techniques. These methods help medical experts identify
causes of health conditions, examine the mortality and morbidity of a specific
population, understand the history and course of the disease, and assess the
influences of analysis, therapy, and preventive frameworks of a public health
course.
Milestone 2 25
25
This idea is relevant to content posted on social media platforms. Do you believe
content-creators simply because they claim something? I hope not! This is a real-life example
of when your research skills will help you to become more discerning of what you read.
Common Rationalizations for NOT Citing
Students may be tempted to justify not using citations by saying things like:
1. “I know this because of my job and experiences.”
Your knowledge is valuable and gaining it from work is admirable. However, in the
academic community, you are required to ‘back up’ your knowledge with published
literature. So, while you may know that a certain population suffers from a specific health
ailment because you see it at your job at a local hospital, you will need to find an academic
study that supports this and cite it, because this is not common knowledge.
2. “These are my own words!”
It is wonderful that you are using your own words, but are these your own ideas that are
independent from anything you have read? If not, then you need to cite.
3. “These are my thoughts about something I read in the article.”
This is great! You should have thoughts about what you read, and you may not need a
citation in this case. But, to help you ensure that you are not accidentally plagiarizing, cite
just in case.
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26
Lieu,
Ruiz,
In-Text Citations for Paraphrasing
Citing Multiple Works with Same First Author(s) in the same year:
(see where the difference begins?)
• Jones, Smith,
• Jones, Smith,
Huang, and Kim (2020)
Wang, and Stanton (2020)
When the shortened “et al.” citation form of each source would be the same for both, write
out names including the first different one, so the reader knows they are different.
• (Jones, Smith, et al., 2020) or (Jones, Smith, Ruiz, et al., 2020)
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses
When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way
they appear in the reference list (alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.
• (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
Groups as Authors
Narrative Format
• First Citation in Text: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2001)
• Subsequent Citations in Text: NIMH (2001)
Parenthetical Format
• First Citation in Text: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001)
• Subsequent Citations in Text: (NIMH, 2001)
Lieu,
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Citing Indirect (Secondary) Sources
This is for when you cite material that is itself cited within an article. The author(s) own
words are the primary source. When the author(s) cite someone else’s work, that is a secondary
source. Researchers always include their own in-text citations, which makes it easy for you to
identify the actual “owner” of the material in order to give proper credit.
Example
The green box below indicates the authors/researchers of the article, which would be
cited as Schneider et al. (2010). These authors are the primary source of this article. However,
you will notice many in-text citations in the article, indicating that Schneider et al. (2010) is
giving credit to other authors. Those authors are secondary sources in this article. (If you looked
up those sources yourself, they would be primary.)
See the purple box above and below for citation examples:
• According to Alho (1984, as cited in Schneider et al., 2010). .. continue to paraphrase
• Paraphrased material ... (Alho, 1984, as cited in Schneider et al., 2010).
You will then cite only Schneider et al. (2010) on your references page.
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Citing in a Paragraph with a Single Source
When a paragraph is a summary of a single source, from start to finish, you can simply
insert the citation at the first sentence and last sentence (exception: when there is data present,
you will cite after each statistic).
Citing in a Paragraph with Multiple Sources
If multiple sources are used within a paragraph, insert a citation indicating the end of one
source and the start of another, like the example below. This clearly tells your reader where you
learned your facts.
Key strategies of public healthcare concepts include mapping, web-based
reporting, and laboratory techniques (Huremović, 2019). These methods help medical
experts identify causes of health conditions, examine the mortality and morbidity of a
specific population, understand the history and course of the disease, and assess the
influences of analysis, therapy, and preventive frameworks of a public health course
(Huremović, 2019).
When students passively sit down without any breaks, they may encounter
different health risks such as poor breathing, strained lower body and back nerves,
poor eyesight, and fatigue (Jensen, 2003). This may impact academic outcomes.
According to Cranz (2000), the inactivity of sitting in a chair for more than 10 minutes
can cause fatigue that can reduce awareness of physical and emotional sensations.
Students then lose interest, and lack focus and attention, resulting in unnecessary
behavioral challenges (Braniff, 2011).
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29
In-Text Citations for Direct Quotes
(best to avoid; try paraphrasing instead)
For Direct Quotes of Less than 40 Words
• Use quotation marks around the direct quote
• Add a page number to the citation
Examples:
• One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly
facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).
• Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of
discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).
Page Number Abbreviations
Note that for a single page (example above), the abbreviation is p. For several pages, it is pp.
(Use these abbreviations ONLY for in-text citations, not in the reference on the References
page.)
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Rubric for References Page
Please check off where your assignment is on each criterion in this rubric
Complete and submit it with your assignment
Criteria Excellent Not yet excellent
Word References is in bold
and centered 1” from top of
page
Word References is not yet in
bold and centered 1” from top of
page
Everything, including
the page number, is in
Times New Roman
12. Page number is in
upper right corner
Everything, including the page
number, is in Times New
Roman 12. Page number is in
upper right corner
Not everything on the page is yet
in Times New Roman 12 point in
upper right corner
Each reference is
correctly formatted in
APA 7 style
Each reference is correctly
formatted in APA 7 style
Not all references are yet
correctly formatted in APA 7
style
References are
double-spaced,
in alphabetical order,
with no extra spaces
between them
References are double-spaced,
in alphabetical order, with no
extra spaces between them
References are not yet double-
spaced, in alphabetical order,
with no extra spaces between
them
31
Milestone 2 31
Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Chronic Pain:
Your Own Name
Department of Business, Monroe College, King Graduate School
KG601: Research & Critical Analysis
Dr. Jane Doe
May 25, 2021
References Page sample adapted from the work of a graduate student at Monroe College
Paper Title (bold with title capitalization)
(NOTICE one blank, double-spaced line)
Department & Name of
College
Instructor’s Name
(first name optional)
Course Number &
Name
Due Date
Page #
MEDICAL CANNABIS
(running head optional for student papers) (shorten title to 50 characters or less, if longer)
1
32
Milestone 2 32
References
Campbell, G., Hall, W. D., Peacock, A., Lintzeris, N., Bruno, R., Larance, B., Nielsen, S., Cohen, M.,
Chan, G., Mattick, R. P., Blyth, F., Shanahan, M., Dobbins, T., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L.
(2018). Effect of cannabis use in people with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed opioids:
Findings from a 4-year prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(7), e341–e350.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468 2667(18)30110-5
Corroon, J., Mischley, L., & Sexton, M. (2017). Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs – a cross-
sectional study. Journal of Pain Research, 10, 989–998. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s134330
Johnson, J. R., Burnell-Nugent, M., Lossignol, D., Ganae-Motan, E. D., Potts, R., & Fallon, M. T. (2010).
Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the
efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC: CBD extract and THC extract in patients with
intractable cancer-related pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 39(2), 167–179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008
Poli, P., Crestani, F., Salvadori, C., Valenti, I., & Sannino, C. (2018). Medical cannabis in patients with
chronic pain: Effect on pain relief, pain disability, and psychological aspects: A prospective
non-randomized single arm clinical trial. La Clinica Terapeutica, 169(3), e102–e107.
https://doi.org/10.7417/T.2018.2062
van de Donk, T., Niesters, M., Kowal, M. A., Olofsen, E., Dahan, A., & van Velzen, M. (2019). An
experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in
chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia. Pain, 160(4), 860–869.
https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001464
Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet, T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., &
Collet, J.-P. (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled
trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(14), E694–E701.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414
SAMPLE PERFECT COVER PAGE IN APA 7
References (bold, centered, & on the first line)
0.5”
1 tab
(hanging
indent)
Lead authors
are listed on
this page
alphabetically
(Adapted from a sample created by a graduate student at Monroe College)
MEDICAL CANNABIS 2
33
Milestone 2 33
References Format for Journal Articles – APA 7
‘Formula’ for Journal Articles:
Lastname, FirstInitial. MiddleInitial., & Lastname, FirstInitial. MiddleInitial. (Year). Title of
article following capitalization rules: Capitalize the first letter of first word, first letter of
first word after mid-title punctuation, and any Proper Noun. Title of Academic Journal:
Proper Noun Capitalization, vol#(issue#), page#-page#. Full doi web address
Journal Articles: Single Author and Two Authors
Material Type Reference List Example
Journal Article:
Single Author
Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary
Health Care, 26(8), 34- 42. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162
Where a DOI is available it must be included at the end of the reference, in the
format https://doi.org/10.xxxx
In-text Citation:
(Ruxton, 2016)
According to Ruxton (2016)...
Journal Article:
2 Authors
Aspy, D. J., & Proeve, M. (2017). Mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation: Effects
on connectedness to humanity and to the natural world. Psychological
Reports, 120(1), 102-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116685867
In-text Citation:
(Aspy & Proeve, 2017)
Aspy and Proeve (2017) posited...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
34
References Format – APA 7
Milestone 2 34
Journal Articles: 3-20 Authors and 21 or More Authors
Material Type Reference List Example
Journal Article:
3 to 20 Authors
Geraghty, S., Lauva, M., & Oliver, K. (2016). Reconstructing compassion: Should it be
taught as part of the curriculum? British Journal of Nursing, 25(15), 836-839.
https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.15.836
Provide the last names and initials of all authors in the reference list.
In-text Citation:
(Geraghty et al., 2016)
Geraghty et al. (2016) found...
Journal Article:
21 or More
Authors
Khan, A., Huynh, T. M. T., Vandeplas, G., Joish, V. N., Mannent, L. P.,
Tomassen P., van Zele, T., Cardell, L.O., Arebro, J., Olze, H., Forster-
Ruhrmann, U., Kowalski, M. L., Olszewska-Ziaber, A., Fokkens, W., van
Drunen, C., Mullol, J., Alobid, I., Hellings, P.W., Hox, V., …Bachert,
C. (2019). The GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal
polyps affects health-related quality of life. Rhinology, 57(5), 343-
351. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin19.158
Provide the last names and initials of the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis […]
(but no ampersand [&]), then add the final author's last name and initials.
In-text Citation:
(Khan et al., 2019)
According to Khan et al.’s study (2019)...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
35 References Format – APA 7
Milestone 2 35
E-Books: Chapter in a Book, With and Without Editors
Material Type Reference List Example
E-Books:
(a) Citing a
Chapter in
an E-Book
(with Editors)
(a) Formula:
Lastname, F. M. (year). Name of chapter: Following capitalization rules. In F.M.
Lastname (Eds.), Title of the book: Following capitalization rules (edition [if
applicable]., pp. #-#). URL
(a) Example:
Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their
development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell
(Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into
domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016
In-text Citation:
(Aron et al., 2019)
Aron et al. (2019) discussed...
(b) Citing a
Chapter in an
E-Book
(no Editors)
(b) Formula:
Lastname, F. M. (year). Name of chapter: Following capitalization rules. In Title of the
book: Following capitalization rules (edition [if applicable]., pp. #-#). URL
(b) Example:
Berkowitz, E. N. (2016). Name of chapter: Following capitalization rules. In Essentials
of health marketing (2nd ed., pp. 87-98).
https://monroecollege.vitalcourse.com/#/books/87523923720
In-text Citation:
(Berkowitz, 2016)
Berkowitz (2016) explained...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
36 References Format – APA 7
Milestone 2 36
Webpages: With Author’s Name or Group Author
Material Type Reference List Example
Formula:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Example:
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.
https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
In-text Citation:
(Price, 2018)
According to Price (2018)...
Webpage on a
Website with
a Government
Agency Group
Author
Formula:
Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Example:
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
In-text Citation:
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2018)
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2018) found...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
37 References Format – APA 7
Milestone 2 37
Additional Resources: Online News Articles and Film
Material Type Reference List Example
Online News
Article
Formula:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of article following capitalization rules.
Title of Newspaper. Full web address
Example:
Christensen, J. (2021, March 9). What the next CDC guidelines for the fully vaccinated
could look like. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/09/health/cdc-vaccinated-
guidelines-whats-next-wellness/index.html
*Notice that the title of article is italicized for this type of source
In-text Citation:
(Christensen, 2021)
According to Christensen (2021)...
Reference Format for Additional Class Resource Material
Material Type Reference List Example
Film Formula:
Lastname, F. (Director). (year). Title of film following capitalization rules [Film].
Production Company; or Companies.
Example:
Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International
Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
(Fleming, 1939)
Fleming (1939) portrayed...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
38 References Format – APA 7
Milestone 2 38
Additional Resources: YouTube Videos and Instructional Aids
Material Type Reference List Example
YouTube Video Formula:
Name of the Account. (Year, Month Day). Title of video following capitalization rules
[Video]. Full url
Example:
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs
In-text Citation:
(Harvard University, 2019)
Harvard University (2019) explained...
Instructional Aid Formula:
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of instructional aid following capitalization rules
[Instructional aid]. Department, Institution’s Name.
Example:
Bouteneff, M. C. & Ramlochan, A. L. (2022). Foundations of secondary research
[Instructional aid]. King Graduate School, Monroe College.
In-text Citation:
(Bouteneff & Ramlochan, 2022)
Bouteneff and Ramlochan (2022) suggested...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
39 References Format – APA 7
Milestone 2 39
Additional Resources: PowerPoint Slides
Material Type Reference List Example
PowerPoint Slides Formula:
Lastname, F. (year). Title of presentation following capitalization rules [PowerPoint
slides]. Learning Management System. Full url.
Example:
Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references
for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU.
https://fnu.onelogin.com/login
In-text Citation:
(Mack & Spake, 2018)
According to Mack and Spake (2018)...
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
Milestone 2 40
40
Activity: References Game
Match the correct LETTTER to
the NUMBERS
Please name each part and describe 1 or 2 special characteristics (for example, italics and title caps)
A. E.
C. D.
G. what is the 47; the (1)?
1. 2. 3.
3. continued
3. continued 4.
_4. continued 5. 6.
_7.
Space 1 _______ Space 5 _______
Space 2 _______ Space 6 _______
Space 3 _______ Space 7 _______
Space 4 _______
Milestone 2 41
41
Define the Literature Review
Definition (part of the overall research paper you will write for this course)
A literature review is an objective summary of what the scientific literature says about
your specific topic or question. In this kind of paper, you demonstrate your familiarity
with pertinent work in the field. The literature review gives the research history, upon
which later research can be built.
The Literature Review is Not a Research Paper
Research Paper (what you may be writing in other courses; includes a literature review)
The goal of a research paper is to draw on what others have to say about a topic and
engage the sources in order to thoughtfully offer a unique perspective on the issue at
hand.
Typically includes these sections (may vary per your professor’s assignment):
1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Analysis of Literature
Adapted from: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/types_of_ap
a_papers.html
and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/genre_and_th
e_research_paper.html
Milestone 2 42
42
Three Parts of the Literature Review: Opening and Closing Paragraphs
1. Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review: 6 Steps
Six Steps to a Successful Introduction
Steps Description of Steps Sample
1
Opening sentence: isolate your
research problem, with citation
“Research suggests that medication administration errors
(MAEs) are the most common type of error in healthcare
facilities (Samsiah et al., 2020; Vrbnjak et al., 2016, as
cited in Kerari & Innab, 2021).”
2
Explain why it is necessary to solve
this problem
“Due to this frequency, investigating the factors
contributing to these errors’ occurrence is essential to
protecting public health.”
3
Ensure your reader that you have only
included research articles in the
literature review and identify the main
theme among them
“The literature review included only research articles and
literature regarding the factors that contribute error
incidents in medication administration.”
4
If you notice multiple factors, you
should list them
“Factors such as busy workload, seniority or level of
experience, and educational level were reviewed.”
5
Include the names of the databases
you used to conduct your research
from the Monroe College Library
“The databases that were used to conduct the literature
review included ProQuest and EBSCO Host from the
Monroe College Library.”
6
Lastly, list any search words/terms
you used in order to find your research
articles
“Search terms were used to obtain relevant literature, such
as: medications errors, medications administration errors,
factors cause medications errors, factors related to
medications administration errors, and medications
administration errors causes.”
Milestone 2 43
43
2. Review of Literature
This part consists of the objective summaries of your research articles. The order in which you present
these is important. You will need to create Level 2 headings to cluster similar research articles by theme or
purpose. (Typically, each level heading should include at least three research articles, amounting to 5-10
research articles, but as this is a foundations course, you will only provide a total of three (3) research
articles for your Literature Review.)
3. Analysis of Literature
Here you will analyze what you have learned about your research problem through the research summarized
in the Review of Literature. You will present what is the same among your 3 research articles and what is
different.
Example for You
When asked about similarities, your analysis may look like below:
a. Methodology
Dall’Ora et al. (2015) and Stimpfel et al. (2012) both used qualitative methods with large sample sizes;
31,627 (Dall’Ora et al., 2015) and 22,275 (Stimpfel et al., 2012)
b. Findings
Both studies (Dall’Ora et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012) found a strong association between longer shifts
and job dissatisfaction and the negative effects on patient satisfaction.
c. Recommendations
Both studies (Dall’Ora et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012) suggest policy makers to use the findings to
reconsider their current approach of increasing hours due to nurse shortage because of the long-term
negative effects on nurses and patients
44
Milestone 2 44
Activity: Developing Part 1 - Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review
Directions
Fill in the orange column to build out your introductory paragraph.
Steps Check Description of Steps Your Sentences
1
Opening sentence: isolate your research
problem, with citation
2
Explain why it is necessary to solve this
problem
3
Ensure your reader that you have only
included research articles in the literature
review and identify the main theme among
them
4
If you notice multiple factors, you should list
them
5
Include the names of the databases you used to
conduct your research from the Monroe
College Library
6
Lastly, list any search words/terms you used in
order to find your research articles
45
Milestone 2 45
Activity: Developing Part 3 - Analysis of Literature
Analyze Your Research Articles: Compare and Contrast
Directions
Analyze below what is the same among your 3 research articles and what is different.
Example for You
1. What articles have similarities in each section below?
a. Methodology
Dall’Ora et al. (2015) and Stimpfel et al. (2012) both used qualitative methods with large
sample sizes; 31,627 (Dall’Ora et al., 2015) and 22,275 (Stimpfel et al., 2012)
b. Findings
Both studies (Dall’Ora et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012) found a strong association between
longer shifts and job dissatisfaction and the negative effects on patient satisfaction.
c. Recommendations
Both studies (Dall’Ora et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012) suggest policy makers to use the
findings to reconsider their current approach of increasing hours due to nurse shortage because
of the long-term negative effects on nurses and patients.
1. What articles have similarities in each section below?
a. Methodology
b. Findings
c. Recommendations
2. What articles have differences in each section below?
d. Methodology
e. Findings
f. Recommendations
46
Milestone 2 46
Activity: Checklist for the Literature Review
(to be submitted with your literature review)
Part 1: Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review
Part 2: Review of Literature
1st paragraph is the objective summary of the first research article with limitations.
2nd paragraph includes a transition word from the first research article to the objective
summary of the second research article with limitations.
3rd paragraph includes a transition word from the first research article to the objective
summary of the second research article with limitations.
Steps Description of Steps Check
1
Opening sentence: isolate your research
problem, with citation
2
Explain why it is necessary to solve this
problem
3
Ensure your reader that you have only
included research articles in the literature
review and identify the main theme among
them
4
If you notice multiple factors, you should list
them
5
Include the names of the databases you used to
conduct your research from the Monroe
College Library
6
Lastly, list any search words/terms you used in
order to find your research articles
47
Milestone 2 47
Flow
Is organized by findings, geography, methodology, or time
Uses headings to help your readers find their way
Uses transition words like compare/contrast words so the reader sees the flow
from article to article
Sample comparison words Sample contrast words
…similar to… …different from…
…like… …however…
…also… …on the other hand…
Part 3: Analysis of Literature
Includes similarities and differences of methodologies
Includes similarities and differences of findings
Includes similarities and differences of recommendations
References Page
Each article cited in the text IS here; NO article not cited is here.
All margins are 1”
Everything is evenly double spaced using the method from the APA Basics page
(except the space after the paper title on the title page)
Everything, including page numbers, is in Times New Roman 12-point font
Paper has been run through an online spelling and grammar checker
48
48 Milestone 2
Literature Review
Katniss Everdeen
Department of Public Health, King Graduate School
KG-604: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis
Dr. John H. Watson
October 29, 2021
Sample Literature Review Adapted from a Research Paper of a Monroe College Student
49 Milestone 3
49
Literature Review
Research suggests that medication administration errors (MAEs) are the most common
type of error in healthcare facilities (Samsiah et al., 2020; Vrbnjak et al., 2016, as cited in Kerari
& Innab, 2021). Due to this frequency, investigating the factors contributing to these errors’
occurrence is essential to protecting public health. The literature review included only research
articles and literature regarding the factors that contribute error incidents in medication
administration. Factors such as busy workload, seniority or level of experience, and educational
level were reviewed. The databases that were used to conduct the literature review included
ProQuest and EBSCO Host from the Monroe College Library. Search terms were used to obtain
relevant literature, such as: medications errors, medications administration errors, factors cause
medications errors, factors related to medications administration errors, and medications
administration errors causes.
Review of Literature
Inadequate Training Factors
Kerari and Innab (2017) performed a study in various countries, including the United
States, Canada, England, Sweden, Italy, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran by examine studies that
had been published from 2007 to 2020, for the purpose of presenting the connection between
nurses’ characteristics and MAEs provided by those publications. The authors used quantitative,
qualitative, and mixed methods to conclude observation derived from 19 studies that have met
the introduced criteria out of list of 1141 studies (Kerari & Innab, 2017). The study by Kerari
and Innab (2017) finalized that the nurses’ duration of experience in the field (indicated in
approximately 79% of the reviewed studies) was the majority of why MAEs occur, followed by
their level of education (36.84%) and thereafter participation in training courses (21.05%) which
50 Milestone 3
50
resulted in insufficient pharmacological knowledge. Age and gender of the medication
administers noted as poor effect on MAEs (Kerari & Innab, 2017).
The same observation had been shown in a study conducted by Wondmieneh et al. (2020)
in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February to March 2018, mainly to evaluate the factors and its’
range causing MAEs phenomenon in tertiary hospitals. The researchers applied quantitative
approach in a shape of questionnaire and checklist requested to be fulfilled independently by 298
nurses who had randomly selected. Wondmieneh et al. (2020) found that 96% of 225
administered medications included minimum of one MAE reported by the study participants who
completed the survey (98.3% of the total) and 68.1% of the former reported they administered
medications wrongly in the year prior. Factors indicated the occurrence of MAEs were
inadequate training presented by 72.4%, lack in provided medication administration guidelines
demonstrated by 52.7%, 95.1% assigned to poor work experience, 61.1% to medication
administration interrupts and overnight shifts which documented among 72.4% of the nurses
(Wondmieneh et al., 2020).
Level of Staffing and Workload Factors
As opposed to the former studies, Härkänen et al. (2020) conducted a study in England
and Wales from January 1 to December 31, 2016, in order to assess key words in which indicate
a probability of medication administration errors among staffing and its connection to the level
of harm caused to the patient as a result. The researchers transformed qualitative data into
quantitative using statistical and manual analysis of medication administration reports content
delivered by texts (Härkänen et al., 2020). According to the results presented by Härkänen et al.
(2020), analysis had performed on 72,390 reported texts regarding medication administration
which listed top 4 of error types as follow: First, with 27.4% was related to medicine or
51 Milestone 3
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ingredient, 17.3% attributed to other, wrong frequency concluded by 9.6% and wrong drug by
7.6% (Härkänen et al., 2020). Furthermore, “short staffing” indicated as the most common key
word followed by “workload”, “extremely busy”, “staffing level”, and “busy shift” which might
thereby specify more potential for patient harm (Härkänen et al., 2020).
Analysis of Literature
The negative effects of MAEs occurrence include wrong patient treatment which might
cause irreversible severe harm and even death. Therefore, Kerari and Innab (2017) implied that
there is a need to form a technique that would provide proper examination and observation
regarding MAEs factors in context of staff characteristics, practical interventions and level of
knowledge, education, and training. Those observations would indicate and target the action
needed to be taken to prevent future MAEs. Härkänen et al. (2020) and Wondmieneh et al.
(2020) complemented one another by suggesting focusing on constant training and enriching
staff knowledge, possibly with the help of more experienced staff members alongside reducing
workload among them.
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References
Härkänen, M., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K., Murrells, T., Paananen, J., Franklin, B. D., & Rafferty,
A. (2020). The contribution of staffing to medication administration errors: A text mining
analysis of incident report data. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(1), 113-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12531
Kerari, A., & Innab, A. (2021). The influence of nurses’ characteristics on medication
administration errors: An integrative review. SAGE Open Nursing, 7.
https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608211025802
Wondmieneh, A., Alemu, W., Tadele, N., & Demis, A. (2020). Medication administration errors
and contributing factors among nurses: A cross sectional study in tertiary hospitals, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Nursing, 19(1).
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A618718840/HRCA?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark
HRCA&xid=e2b930d
53 Milestone 3
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Milestone 3
Milestone 3 - Writing Your Discussion
Steps to getting there:
A. Building the Discussion ...........................................................................................................54
Activity: Summarize Your News Article to Identify Problem and Population ...........54
Activity: Find a Company/Organization/Policy Contributing to Mitigation ...............55
Activity: Develop Your Recommendation with Evidence ..........................................56
Write the discussion
You reached your 3rd Milestone!!
You will be adding your discussion to your overall research paper in Milestone 4!
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Building the Discussion
Important: the requirements of the Discussion Section may differ from one course to the next.
Therefore, it is very important to read directions carefully to understand what your professor is
asking.
For KG 604, you are being asked to find a news article reporting on your research problem,
which you will use as a foundation for your discussion. This is important, as it provides ‘proof’
that the problem is relevant today.
In other courses, your professor might speak of a case study, instead of KG 604’s news article.
The framework below is useful for both KG-604’s news article and when analyzing a case study.
Activity: Summarize Your News Article to Identify the Problem and Populations Affected
Replicate the orange columns in your notebook.
Steps
Name of Steps
Description of Steps
Guidance to Success
Citations
1
Summarize your
news article,
making sure to
identify:
• the problem
• populations
affected by
the problem
• location of
the problem,
if applicable
Whatever your research
problem is, you will need to
summarize the proof that the
problem exists today by
providing an ‘example’ of
your research problem
happening in the world.
For your ‘example’, you will
use a news article for KG-
604, but in other courses it
may be a case study from
your textbook, a summary of
the problem provided by your
professors, or you may need
to find a relevant ‘case’ on
your own.
Sequence of Events or Main Ideas:
You may have more or less than 5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Identify the problem:
2. Identify populations affected:
3. Identify the location:
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Activity: Find a Company/Organization/Policy Working to Mitigate the Problem
Replicate the orange columns in your notebook.
Steps
Name of Steps
Description of Steps
Guidance to Success
Citations
2
Find and
summarize an
existing
evidence-based
solution to use as
a foundation to
YOUR
recommendation.
Conduct further research to
find a company/organization/
program/policy that is doing a
good job trying to mitigate
this problem (this could be
from another state or even
another country where
populations are comparable).
✓ Include the name of
company/organization/
program/policy:
✓ Include detailed evidence that
this ‘solution’ is working (do
not forget to include
dates/years, and statistics as
support):
✓ Identify specific ‘parts’ of the
‘solution’ that you wish to
recommend:
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Activity: Develop Your Recommendation with Evidence
Replicate the orange columns in your notebook.
Steps
Name of Steps
Description of Steps
Guidance to Success
Citations
3
Form your
recommendation
Use your selected
company/organization/
program/policy as a basis for
your recommendation.
Connect this recommendation to
the research problem.
✓ Identify what is the same
and different between your
research population and the
‘solution’s’ population:
Same:
Different:
✓ Explain how you envision
the “specific parts of the
‘solution’” helping to
mitigate your research
problem:
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57
Milestone 4
Milestone 4 - Assembling Your Research Paper
Steps to getting there:
A. Write the Introductory Paragraph to Your Research Paper ................................................58
Outline for Introductory Paragraph ........................................................................58
Student Sample of an Introductory Paragraph .......................................................58
Activity: 1st Sentence of the Opening Paragraph ..................................................60
The Thesis Statement with Samples.......................................................................61
General Formula .................................................................................................... 61
KG 604: Steps to the Thesis .................................................................................. 61
Sample Thesis Statements ..................................................................................... 61
Activity: Practice with Parts of the Thesis Statement ............................................62
Activity: Drafting Your Thesis Statement .............................................................63
B. Insert the Literature Review and Discussion Sections .......................................................64
C. The Conclusion Paragraph .................................................................................................65
Activity: Checklist to the Conclusion Paragraph: ..................................................65
D. Activity: Checklist for the Final Research Paper ...............................................................66
Refine your research paper for submission
You reached your 4th Milestone!!
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58
Opening Sentence
Sentences Between
Thesis
Statement
Introductory Paragraph
Outline for Introductory Paragraph
• Opening Sentence: Grab the reader’s attention (start broad)
• Sentences Between: With each sentence, narrow your scope which will naturally pour into the thesis
statement. Think about what needs to be said in order to lead to the Thesis Statement.
• Thesis Statement: Say what ‘should’ be done about the problem’. This one sentence will summarize
what is addressed in the paper with your recommendation
Color Coding:
Green = Opening sentence meant to grab reader’s attention
Red = Sentences in between that are needed to transition from Green to Purple
Blue = Recommendation based on research - the preponderance of evidence from the research
Purple = Thesis statement: mix of both red and blue
Student Sample Introductory Paragraph
Food fraud has been identified in multiple communities, and in some cases there is a rise in this fraudulent
behavior with the increase in different needs regarding food types (Northern District of Iowa, 2019this s). Food fraud
refers to the deliberate alteration of food, related ingredients, or packaging, as well as the creation of false or
deceptive assertions about a product in order to profit financially (Spink & Moyer, 2011, as cited in Levy, 2020).
These fraudulent can cause damage to consumers’ health, or can affect entire supply chains (Northern District of
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59
Iowa, 2019). Food fraud has been found in the research and in (popular press/relevant journals) to be a threat to
public health as well as to the economy. Due to food fraud’s threats to segments of business as well as communities,
government and food, organizations should install more efficient legislature such as (name of policy with citation) to
oversee and regulate the food chains operated by independent providers such as farmers and sole proprietors.
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Opening Sentence
Activity: 1st Sentence of the Opening Paragraph
Purpose: To Grab the Reader’s Attention
This ONE Sentence Must include:
1. a surprising, disturbing, little-known, or wonderful fact
2. a statistic
3. an in-text citation
Examples: Find and Number All Three of These Elements Below
Sample 1
Breast cancer is a disease that affected almost 237,000 women in the United States in
2014 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).
Sample 2
Studies estimate that approximately 40 million Americans, or about 20 percent of the
population, are attempting to restrict their intake of food high in carbohydrates (Sanders and
Katz, 2004; Hirsch, 2004).
Write your own here, and number the 3 parts!
1st sample adapted from student paper, anonymous;
2nd sample adapted from on-line textbook, retrieved from http://saylor.org/books, p.455
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The Thesis Statement
Your thesis statement is the driving force of your paper based on research, and containing
no opinions or generic and broad advice, but it should contain your stance on the topic
(based on research). In other words, you need to justify your stance based on research.
General Formula
Topic + your stance on the topic + why this is your stance supported by
research (citation) = your thesis statement
***Important***
Certain things can change in the general formula
based on what your professor asks. This is why it
is so important to read directions very carefully.
KG 604: Steps to the Thesis
Since your directions say you must make a recommendation based on research, that recommendation
becomes your stance. Follow the steps below to help form your thesis statement:
1. Restate the Problem with citation
2. Isolate and name the company/organization/program/policy and state why it works, with
citation
3. Connect #2 to your population or location and write your recommendation
Sample Thesis Statements
Research examples to illustrate the points above.
It is recognized that the most effective means of mitigating information security risks within
an organization is training employees who use these devices (Albrechtsen & Hovden, 2010);
therefore, it is necessary to implement mandatory training and cyber prevention courses,
similar to Bank A’s professional training (Lastname, year) , to employees of Bank B to protect
them from the losses caused by the increasing number of scams and e-mail scams.
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Activity: Practice with Parts of the Thesis Statement
Can you color code any words in the sample below that match the above formula in Red, Green, and
Blue?
It is important to keep in check the fraudulent behavior of the medical institutions to
reduce wastage of government funds and the money of the citizens (Briccetti, 2021);
therefore, in any circumstance, public health authorities and health experts of Company A
should rigorously verify all information related to claims and procedures before approving
any of those claims to avoid overbilling or fraudulent medical billing through
implementation of Company’s B’s compliance program (Lastname, year), which has
proven to be successful in management of funds (Lastname, year).
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Activity: Drafting Your Thesis Statement
Answer the following questions in the orange column below and place a check mark next to each task
Steps Description of Steps Draft Your Notes to Build Your Thesis Statement Check
1 ✓ Restate the Problem
with citation:
2 ✓ Isolate and name the
company/organization/
program/policy and
state why it works,
with citation:
3 ✓ Connect #2 to your
population or location
and write your
recommendation
Steps Ensure the Following: Check
4
✓ My thesis statement is the Last Sentence of the Opening
Paragraph
5
✓ My recommendation is based ONLY on the Research, with None
of Your generalized or unsupported Opinions
6
✓ My thesis statement contains in-text citations
Now, use your work above to write your statement below!
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Insert the Literature Review and Discussion Sections
It is time to review your grades associated with the Literature Review and Discussion. Make all
necessary changes indicated by your professor. Once you make all revisions, you are ready to
insert the Literature Review and Discussion into your paper. Follow the outline below:
Outline
Requirement Description of Requirement
Title/Cover Page
• Must be APA 7 compliant
Part 1:
Introduction
Paragraph
• Introduce your research problem and end with your thesis statement
Part 2:
Literature
Review
• Introduce your literature review using the 6-steps
• Objective summary #1
• Transition + Objective summary #2
• Transition + Objective summary #3
• Summarize by comparing and contrasting methodologies,
findings, and solutions to each research article
Part 3: Discussion • Summarize your news article: the problem, location, and
populations affected by the problem.
• What do you think should be done to fix this problem and
why? (Refer to recommendations in research in literature
review, when necessary.)
i. Find a company/organization/policy that is doing a
good job trying to solve this problem (this could be
from another state or even country where populations
are comparable).
• Provide evidence that the company/organization/policy has
made an impact toward mitigating the problem. ii. Use that company/organization/program as a basis for
your recommendation.
• Connect this recommendation to the research problem. How
do you see it working toward finding a solution to the
problem? For example, if Apple is doing really well tackling
a problem that Google is challenged with, you could suggest
to Google to adopt a strategy used by Apple.
Part 4: Conclusion
(see next page)
• Summarize your paper
References
• Must be APA 7 compliant
• Ensure: All in-text citations are listed on the references page
All sources listed on the references page is also cited in-text
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The Conclusion Paragraph
For the last paragraph of your research paper, you will simply reiterate and connect main ideas discussed in
your paper to your recommendation.
Activity: Checklist to the Conclusion Paragraph:
✓ I restated my research problem (Y/N)
✓ I restated recommendations provided in the literature review (Y/N)
✓ I have included the name of company/organization/program/policy, which is the basis for my
recommendation (Y/N)
✓ I have explained why I believe the above company/organization/program/policy will work to mitigate
the problem shown in my news article (Y/N)
Space for Notes:
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Checklist: The Final
You may work through this document throughout the semester. You will be asked to complete parts at a time; do
not move ahead of the class.
Part 1: Introduction Paragraph
Prompt Write Your Sentences Here Citations Check
Final research
problem/topic:
Final research
question:
Final thesis
statement:
Part 2: Literature Review
Prompt Write Your Sentences Here Citations Check
Introduction (see
sample and ensure
you make any
necessary
revisions)
Have you made any revisions from graded
assignments related to this?
1. Opening sentence: isolate your research
problem, with citation:
2. Explain why it is necessary to solve this
problem:
3. Ensure your reader that you have only
included research articles in the literature
review and identify the main theme among
them:
4. If you notice multiple factors, you should
list them:
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67
5. Include the names of the databases you
used to conduct your research from the
Monroe College Library:
6. Lastly, list any search words/terms you
used in order to find your research articles:
Review of
Literature (see
sample and ensure
you make any
necessary
revisions)
Ensure you have 3 research articles:
Research Article 1:
Title of the article:
Is the full reference included and correct on the
references page?
1. Who conducted the study?
2. When was the study conducted?
3. Where was the study conducted?
4. Why was the study conducted?
5. How was data collected?
6. What was found?
7. Limitations?
Research Article 2:
Title of the article:
Is the full reference included and correct on the
references page?
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1. Who conducted the study?
2. When was the study conducted?
3. Where was the study conducted?
4. Why was the study conducted?
5. How was data collected?
6. What was found?
7. Limitations?
Research Article 3:
Title of the article:
Is the full reference included and correct on the
references page?
1. Who conducted the study?
2. When was the study conducted?
3. Where was the study conducted?
4. Why was the study conducted?
5. How was data collected?
6. What was found?
7. Limitations?
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Conclusion of
literature review:
Compare and
contrast
methodologies and
findings
Similarities:
Differences:
Part 3: Discussion
Prompt
Write Your Sentences Here
Citations Check
Summarize your news
article, making sure to
identify:
• the problem →
• populations
affected by the
problem →
• location of the
problem, if
applicable →
Have you made any revisions from graded
assignments related to this?
Have you provided a sequence of events or main
ideas of your news article?
1. Identify the problem:
2. Identify populations affected:
3. Identify the location:
Find and summarize
an existing evidence-
based solution to use
as a foundation to
YOUR
recommendation.
Have you made any revisions from graded
assignments related to this?
Milestone 4 70
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1. Include the name of
company/organization/
program/policy:
2. Include detailed evidence that this
‘solution’ is working (do not forget to
include dates/years, and statistics as
support):
3. Identify specific ‘parts’ of the ‘solution’
that you wish to recommend:
Form your
recommendation
Have you made any revisions from graded
assignments related to this?
Connect this
recommendation to the
research problem.
Identify what is the same and different
between your research population and the
‘solution’s’ population:
Same:
Different:
Explain how you envision the “specific parts
of the ‘solution’” helping to mitigate your
research problem:
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Part 4: Conclusion
Prompt Write Your Sentences Here Citations Check
Have I restated the research problem?
Have I restated recommendations
provided in the literature review?
Have I included the name of
company/organization/program/policy,
which is the basis for my
recommendation?
Have I explained why I believe the
above company/organization/
program/policy will work to mitigate
the problem shown in my news
article?
APA 7 Style
APA 7 Rule Description Check
1. My title/cover page is included and correct
2. My font is black in color, 12 pt size, and in Times New Roman font, everywhere
3. My spacing is double-spaced (before & after set to 0)
4. My margins are 1” all around
5. I have indented all academic paragraphs
6. I have used level headings properly
7. I do NOT have any skipped line spaces, EXCEPT for on my title/cover page
8. All sources listed in in-text citation are correctly done
9. All sources listed in in-text citation are also listed on the references page
10. I have not used any direct quotes in my research paper
11. I have used the draft dropbox in Blackboard to check my similarity report
12. I have opened up and read the details of any highlighted wording in my similarity report
13. I have made any revisions dictated by my similarity report
Milestone 3 72
Milestone 5
Milestone 5 - Creating and Delivering an Impactful Presentation on Your Topic
Steps to getting there:
A. Creating an Impactful Presentation – Questions and a Checklist ......................................73
B. H.A.T.S. .............................................................................................................................75
C. Constructing Bulleted Lists ................................................................................................76
D. Rubric for PowerPoints ......................................................................................................78
E. Rubric for Delivering a Presentation ..................................................................................79
Present!
You reached your 5th Milestone!
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Creating an Impactful Presentation – Questions and a Checklist
You have a captive audience for FIVE minutes: captivate them with your impactful points.
1. Know Your Message
a. THE most important decision: what do you MOST want to have people walk
away knowing or wanting to do, and WHY do you want that?
2. Know Your Audience
b. What does this audience already know about your topic?
Yes/No Will you need to define any terms for your audience? If yes, which?
Yes/No Will you need to overcome skepticism or push-back, or do you need to explain a
misconception to get your point across?
If yes, what is it?
Yes/No Do you need to show how a barrier can be overcome or set aside for a greater good?
If yes, what is it, and how can it be overcome?
3. Story-Board
Low-tech: draft out the MESSAGE you need to give on each slide (you may want
to use index cards for each “slide” so you can move them around to change their order.)
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Do you have only ONE idea (and supporting material) per slide?
Are the slides in the order that most logically and directly leads to what do you
MOST want to Your Message (see #1 above)
4. Conduct an “Objectivity Check”
Are ALL your messages objective, based on research and/or data?
5. Plan Your Visual Presentation with Purpose (see H.A.T.S., next page)
Have you used the fewest possible words: pretend each word costs you a dollar to use
Have you used ONE font type throughout
Have you used minimum 32-point font – 28 if absolutely necessary (this means if
you are using an image from the internet, you may need to replace their words with
fewer, larger words)
Have you considered images to replace words
Have you used images only to enhance the words: nothing “cute;” nothing that
moves unless the movement makes a point; no distracting slide transitions
6. Plan Your Verbal Presentation with Purpose
Have you planned the WORDS you will say as you planned your SLIDES (no one
can read and listen at the same time – your slides are like a stage backdrop only)
Have you planned to speak like the professional you aspire to be. Example: if you
are a manager, speak like a director. (The impression you make will impact both your
audience, and YOU – let people see your value)
Have you rehearsed, rehearsed, rehearsed, then let your words flow as if they are not
memorized
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H.A.T.S.
Headings – Access – Typography – Space
Activity:
Choose Which of These Lists Below is Easiest to Read?
Choose Which is the Hardest?
Why?
Headings – Access – Typography – Space
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Constructing Bulleted Lists
I. Let your Heading Do the “Lifting”
Do not repeat words
Below, bullets repeat the word “are” Below, the heading took on the word “are”
Puppies
• Are cute
• Are frisky
• Are destructive
II. Use Parallel Construction
Which of these bullets “doesn’t belong?”
Puppies are
1. Lovable
2. Need to have their shots
3. Hard to have in an apartment
How can you fix that?
Puppies need
1. Love
2. Medical care
3. The right environment
(# 2 does not belong because it does not
complete the “sentence” started by
“Puppies are…”)
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Before After
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Rubric for PowerPoints
Please check off where your PowerPoint is on each criterion in this rubric
and submit it with your assignment
Criteria Excellent Not yet excellent Not yet satisfactory
Few words
per slide,
any art or
graphics are
relevant, and
professional
(slides are a
backdrop to
what you say,
not substituting
for what you
say)
Few words per slide,
and art is relevant
and professional
Few words in some
slides, or some art is
not professional
Most/all slides wordy,
or much of the art is
not professional
Type size is a
minimum of 32
points even in
graphics
Font type is the
same
throughout the
presentation
Type size is a
minimum of 32
points even in
graphics
Font type is the same
throughout the
presentation
Type size is a
minimum of 32
points even in
graphics in most
slides or font type is
the same throughout
the presentation in
most slides
Type size is a
minimum of 32 points
even in graphics, in few
slides or
font type is the same
throughout the
presentation in few
slides
Bulleted lists
are prepared in
parallel
construction
(see your
Manual)
Bulleted lists are
prepared in parallel
construction
Some bulleted lists
are prepared in
parallel construction
Few bulleted lists are
prepared in parallel
construction
All slides lead to
main point the
presenter wants
to make
All slides lead to
main point the
presenter wants to
make
Some slides lead to
main point the
presenter wants to
make
Few slides lead to main
point the presenter
wants to make
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Rubric for Delivering a Presentation
After you rehearse, please check off where your presentation is on each criterion in this rubric
Criteria Excellent Not yet excellent Not yet
satisfactory
Speaking clearly and
slowly, with
expression.
Presenting
confidently, showing
that you practiced
(sound like yourself,
but at the next level
of hierarchy at work)
Speaking clearly and
slowly, with
expression.
Presenting
confidently, showing
that you practiced
(sound like yourself,
but at the next level of
hierarchy at work)
Speaking with some
clarity and
expression,
hesitation shows
insufficient practice
Monotone
presentation with
much hesitation
Speaking on basis of
the research
Speaks on basis of the
research (while a
personal connection to
the topic can briefly be
made, the presentation
is factual)
Most of the
presentation is
research-based
Most of the
presentation is
opinion-based
Using slides as a
background (not
reading off the slides)
and engaging the
audience
Using slides as a
background (not
reading off the slides)
and engaging the
audience
Partially reads off
the slides, does not
engage the audience
Reads off the
slides
Clear result:
audience member
gets clear message on
the topic and is
inspired to do
something about it,
ONLY from the facts
presented
Clear result: audience
member gets clear
message on the topic
and is inspired to do
something about it,
ONLY from the facts
presented
Clear result:
audience member
gets a somewhat
clear message on the
topic
Audience
member gets
several messages
and is not sure
what the main
message is
Keeping to the time
limit
Kept to 5 minutes or
less
Ran over time by
less than 30 seconds
Ran over time by
more than 30 secs
- Milestone 1
- Brainstorming Research Problems
- Resources to Help You
- Topics and Research Questions
- Activity: Develop Proposals for Topics and Research Questions
- Identifying Research Articles
- Databases: Navigation
- Databases: Subject Specific
- Milestone 2
- APA 7 Basics
- Heading Levels – APA 7
- Research Study Methodologies
- Correlation May Be a Step in Exploring Causation
- Six Questions to Answer to Summarize a Research Article: 5 “W” Questions and 1 “H” Question
- Writing an Objective Summary
- Activity: Practice with Objective Summaries
- Writing an Objective Summary: What Not to Do
- Rubric for Objective Summary
- (Objective Summary sample adapted from the work of a graduate student at Monroe College)
- Plagiarism: Definition, and How to Avoid Plagiarizing
- Avoiding Plagiarism when Paraphrasing:
- In-Text Citations for Paraphrasing
- Citing Multiple Works with Same First Author(s) in the same year:
- Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses
- Groups as Authors
- Citing Indirect (Secondary) Sources
- Citing in a Paragraph with a Single Source
- Citing in a Paragraph with Multiple Sources
- In-Text Citations for Direct Quotes
- For Direct Quotes of Less than 40 Words
- Page Number Abbreviations
- Rubric for References Page
- References Page sample adapted from the work of a graduate student at Monroe College
- References Format for Journal Articles – APA 7
- Journal Articles: Single Author and Two Authors
- Journal Articles: 3-20 Authors and 21 or More Authors
- E-Books: Chapter in a Book, With and Without Editors
- Webpages: With Author’s Name or Group Author
- Additional Resources: Online News Articles and Film
- Reference Format for Additional Class Resource Material
- Additional Resources: YouTube Videos and Instructional Aids
- Additional Resources: PowerPoint Slides
- Activity: References Game
- Define the Literature Review
- The Literature Review is Not a Research Paper
- Three Parts of the Literature Review: Opening and Closing Paragraphs
- 1. Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review: 6 Steps
- 2. Review of Literature
- 3. Analysis of Literature
- Activity: Developing Part 1 - Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review
- Activity: Developing Part 3 - Analysis of Literature
- Activity: Checklist for the Literature Review
- Part 1: Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review
- Part 2: Review of Literature
- Part 3: Analysis of Literature
- References Page
- Sample Literature Review Adapted from a Research Paper of a Monroe College Student
- Milestone 3
- Write the discussion
- You reached your 3rd Milestone!!
- Building the Discussion
- Activity: Summarize Your News Article to Identify the Problem and Populations Affected
- Activity: Find a Company/Organization/Policy Working to Mitigate the Problem
- Activity: Develop Your Recommendation with Evidence
- Milestone 4
- Introductory Paragraph
- Outline for Introductory Paragraph
- Student Sample Introductory Paragraph
- Activity: 1st Sentence of the Opening Paragraph
- The Thesis Statement
- General Formula
- KG 604: Steps to the Thesis
- Sample Thesis Statements
- Activity: Practice with Parts of the Thesis Statement
- Activity: Drafting Your Thesis Statement
- Insert the Literature Review and Discussion Sections
- The Conclusion Paragraph
- Activity: Checklist to the Conclusion Paragraph:
- Checklist: The Final
- Milestone 5
- Creating an Impactful Presentation – Questions and a Checklist
- H.A.T.S.
- Constructing Bulleted Lists
- Rubric for PowerPoints
- Rubric for Delivering a Presentation
