Reflection / summary Topic: Solid Waste Management
1. Kuwait Sewage Crisis
and its Impact on
The Marine Environment
1. Kuwait Sewage Crisis and its Impact on the Marine
Environment
The Mishref pumping station broke down at the end of August 2009, forcing the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) to discharge about 150,000 cubic meters of raw sewage into the sea per day over a period of more than 6 months(almost one year) and hence fishing and swimming was banned by the EPA along the affected coastal area. The pumping station, just west Kuwait City acts as a gathering centre for raw sewage generated from one million people in four residential areas. EPA geochemical surveys have demonstrated that pollution levels have dramatically increased along a 20‐km coastline, where there is a high population density. In addition to affecting marine life, it is feared that the pollution could affect power and desalination plants, particularly those lying to the south of Kuwait Bay, which provide Kuwait with more than 90 percent of its drinking water. The preliminary tests conducted by the EPA on samples taken from affected areas have revealed that the levels of seawater pollution have risen by 10 times the accepted levels especially for ammonia, phosphate, BOD and COD. Also, counts of Total Coliform and Faecal Streptococci were extremely high and far exceeded the EPA standard limits. Beaches in Salmiya, Bidaa and Messilah have been drastically affected.
Synopsis of the results:
Onshore (beach) stations (< 1 Km) showed highest impact compared to offshore stations (> 1 Km distance from shore) at both Bidaa’ and Messila areas. Funitees waters (in the south) did not show noticeable impact from sewage discharge, except for the high concentrations recorded for ammonia.
The concentration of DO did not decline below 5mg/l in samples collected from the coastal area of Kuwait open Gulf Sea.
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Kuwait Bay heavily impacted
area
Chlorophyll concentration was variable with highs (> 5 µg/l) in the coastal water to the south of Fahaheel to lows (< 3 µg/l) in the coastal waters of the affected area.
Ammonia, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, and TOC varied temporally with highest concentrations recorded in the affected area
The toxic metals like: Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni, V, Zn and Hg as well as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were investigated and were within the permissible levels.
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Evaluation Studies Required Evaluation studies required urgently before the rehabilitation of the affected coastal area would include the assessment of the quality of the coastal waters, including the toxicity and ecotoxicology of these waters. Also required is the evaluation of the exiting conditions of the marine ecosystem and the health of marine reefs biota/coral present.
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2. Rehabilitation of Closed Landfills
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2. Rehabilitation of Closed Landfills
Landfill sites Existing and former landfill sites are considered to be one of the major environmental problems facing many developing countries including Kuwait due to the resulting health, environmental and safety risks. All sites in Kuwait act as dumping grounds rather than safe sanitary landfill areas. The current operation procedures used are neither safe for humans nor for the environment. Due to the fact that landfill sites have not been operated in a sustainable manner, 13 landfill sites were closed before their expected time period. These include Seventh Ring Road ‐ North, Sulabiyah, Kabed, Al‐Qurain, Shuaiba , east of Sulaibiya, Jleeb AI Shuyoukh, Military Sabhan Area, Sabhan Block 11 ‐ Aleqila, Alshulebah, West Yarmouk, Failaka Island ‐ AI Wafra), as well a number of unknown sites. The total land area covered by these sites is very large (>17 km
2 ), and the individual
sites cover areas between several 10s to several 100s of hectares. The quantity of wastes deposited at the sites varies, with depths varying from 3 to 30 meters. The type of waste disposed of at the site is very variable, from domestic (household) solid waste to building (constructional) debris to industrial waste or even animal carcasses. Most of these sites have been closed for more than 20 years, and because of recent urban development, some of them ended up being too proximate to new residential, commercial and industrial areas. In October 2003, the Kuwaiti Cabinet formed a task force for the rehabilitation and remediation of closed landfill sites. The taskforce, known as the TRIO Committee, consists of representatives from KEPA, Kuwait Municipality and the Committee for Security Decisions. Accordingly, preliminary rehabilitation works have been carried out for many of the abovementioned sites, especially the largest, and/or the sites considered more sensitive in nature because of their proximity to residential areas. The rehabilitation has comprised the removal of loose random waste deposits at the surface to provide a relatively clean ‘natural’ surface, and the re‐profiling of the steepest slopes to give a more harmonious topographic profile, easier for access with vehicles and machines. Therefore, it is planned to provide in the near future a cover layer of compacted sub‐ grade layer, of an appropriate thickness, to minimize gas and dust emissions, and to prevent ground‐water pollution due to surface infiltration. Subsequently, the aim is to carry out some site investigations necessary to characterize the nature of the soils and wastes at each site. Lastly, the sites will be secured by a boundary fence and
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earth berms to limit access onto the sites, as well as a permanent site security guarding to prevent non‐authorized access. Consequently, a Joint Committee between KEPA and Kuwait Municipality (KM) has proposed a project, implemented by KM, to include the abovementioned investigations.
1. Project aim The overall objectives of the study are to:
provide a better understanding of the landfill sites, assess the risks associated with the sites, provide a practical and technically sound remediation programme for the
sites
structure a project to develop these sites and sustainably fund their rehabilitation using innovative technology
In detail, the first aim is to provide detailed and accurate technical information about the landfill sites by means of a phased investigation programme. The aim is to carry out progressively more detailed studies in order to identify and delineate the waste deposits in the landfills, including the mapping of their aerial extent and depths, and to characterize the type and nature of the waste deposits at each site. The information collected during the investigation phase will be interpreted in order to provide a better understanding of the environmental and health risks associated with each site, and, thus, to be able to develop a site remediation and monitoring plan. This plan will be consistent with the scope and “economics of the proposed development of the site. This approach is a meaningful and major step towards sustainable development, in that it focuses on the use of existing space, preserving other areas. In addition, more detailed and comprehensive studies will be conducted for the single site of Al‐Qurain in order to (i) assess the current condition of the site, (ii) identify the needs to address and monitor the depollution of the site, (iii) conduct the feasibility study of the rehabilitation of the site and its connexion to the existing networks and (iv) design the temporary work to perform the works.
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The study will be carried out on 6 sites:
1. Sulaibiya Site 2. Al Qurain Site 3. East of Sulaibiya 4. Al Shuibah Site 5. Al Yarmouk Site 6. Al Wafra Site
Out of these six sites, the main priority is given to the Sulaibiya site, which is, by far, the largest of the sites (276 hectares), and which will require a detailed analysis because of the wide range of wastes considered to have been disposed of in the site, including unknown liquid wastes.
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The locations and surface of the sites are as follows:
Figure 1 – Locations of the sites in Kuwait City
Al Shuibah (Outside Kuwait City)
East Sulaibiya
Al Qurain
Al Yarmouk
Sulaibiya
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Kuwait City Site Characteristics Area of site
Sulaibiya Buildings debris Domestic dumps Oils Liquid dumps 2,761,415 m² 400m far from
residential settlements
Al Qurain Domestic waste
705,175 m² In the middle of a
residential area
East of Sulaibiya
Buildings debris 172,010 m² Close from
residential area
Al Shuibah Buildings debris
130,558 m² Outside Kuwait city In the industrial
area
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Al Yarmouk Building debris Within residential
area – on some existing houses
412,000 m² Inhabitants located
on the contaminated area
Within a residential place
Al Wafra Site Unidentified
As some sites located in Kuwait city are close, sometimes underneath existing houses, particular attention will be taken during the investigation period to limit any inconvenience to the inhabitants.
Figure 2 – Picture taken from site visit showing the settlement close to the waste
landfill
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Regarding the landfills in the desert or uninhabited area like Al Shuibah site, the investigations will be done quickly and in a cost effective manner.
Figure 3 – Waste landfill to be treated located in the desert
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Experienced Consultant Required An international experienced consultant is urgently required to evaluate all aspects of the proposed project, write the TOR and prepare the tender documents needed for the implementation of the project. Moreover, a British firm could be awarded a contract through the tender to implement the project.
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3. Liquid Waste Management in Kuwait
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3. Liquid Waste Management in Kuwait
1. Treated Waste water
The State of a Kuwait has a national network run by the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) for treated sewage water covering more than 98% of the country. Tertiary treated sewage water from three major treatment plants are distributed throughout the country at a capacity of about at 750 thousand cubic meters / day. However, the country suffers from a chronic environmental problem regarding the remaining 2%, which represents both raw sewage water and untreated industrial waste water produced from areas not covered by the MPW public network.
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2. Untreated Liquid waste transported by tankers:
2.1. Quantities, types and sources The amount of untreated liquid waste was estimated at about 4‐5 million gallons per day (about 23 thousand cubic meters / day) and was produced from many development activities and point sources of pollution such as industrial areas, slaughterhouses, border centers, military, camps and a number of oil facilities. 2.2. Transportation The country is suffering from the unorganized transportation of liquid wastes. The tankers do not meet the requirements of the governmental and environmental laws, organize vehicle standards, type of waste transported, the authorized sectors controlling transportation. In addition hazardous and regulations of tracking systems which control the tankers routes and activities are not available. 2.3. Disposal Over more than four decades, the untreated sewage and industrial waters have been continuously, discharged in improper abandoned quarry sites which act as dumping grounds rather than safe sanitary landfill areas. Recent research studies confirm the contamination of groundwater, soil and ambient air in these landfill areas.
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3. Industrial liquid wastes: Industrial wastewater is one of the biggest challenges facing Kuwait, which forced the stakeholders to examine carefully the status of such waste and suggest proposals and mechanisms for better solutions. 3.1. Rehabilitation of wastewater landfill site in Wafra road (km 14) Preliminary measures have been taken recently by the TRIO Committee to remediate the waste water dumping site in Wafra (Road 14) area. A decision was made by the Committee to build an industrial waste water treatment plant on Wafra (Road 30) site to speed up the complete rehabilitation of the whole dumping site. 3.2. Industrial Liquid waste treatment plant Building up an industrial waste treatment plant was given top priority to stop the improper dumping of untreated industrial water over the last four decades. After three years of planning, design and construction works the stakeholders have eventually succeeded in establishing the plant in accordance with the best international standards and specifications available. Being officially opened in last June, the main specifications of the plant could be summarized in the following:
1. The plant has the ability to receive all types of industrial liquid waste in the
country. 2. The plant currently receives 7500 cubic meters of liquid waste per day with the
possibility of increasing the amount of waste to reach 15 thousand cubic meters per day during one month only.
3. The plant is characterized by an integrated online devices for real time analysis of
water and sludge, which will be linked to the GIS based Environmental Information System in the Centre of Environmental Monitoring at the EPA Headquarters.
3.3. Treatment Method (i) The Industrial waste water plant receives three main tanks (effluents from food
industries – waste liquid with a high content of oils – other types of liquid), in addition to industrial waste with high content of heavy metals. At this stage mixing the different types of industrial water is important to ensure homogeneity and non‐precipitation of sludge and suspended solids.
(ii) Following the reception of the three tanks, the industrial water is subjected to
primary treatment which includes the removal of sand, oil and chemicals from
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the water to ensure the upgrading of water quality to match the specifications of sewage waste water to be treated biologically.
(iii) At the third stage the biological processes accommodate a total of 20 thousand
cubic meters of water a day. The treated water should meet the standards of the authorized bodies (MPW and KEPA).
(iv) Treated water is stored in reservoirs with a total capacity of 13 thousand cubic
meters, after which the whole area of the plant (about 250 thousand square meters) will be completely planted using the treated water.
4. The need for Industrial Water Treatment Unit and Central Plants in
Industrial Areas.
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In order to ensure environmental compliance, the EPA has recently inflicted penalties on factories which do not have treatment units for their industrial waters. Consequently, about 130 factories in West Shuaiba Industrial area alone are looking for units capable of treating their industrial water to meet the KEPA requirements. Moreover, the infrastructure of the proposed new Industrial City in west Kuwait is suggested to include the establishment of three central plants for the proper treatment of preliminary treated industrial waters received from factories to meet international and local standards. About 1,300 factories in other industrial areas (e.g., in Sabhan & Amghara areas) will start soon installing units for preliminary treatment of industrial water in order to comply with KEPA regulations and standards. Furthermore, the KEPA is discussing at present with the Public Authority for Industry the idea of establishing Central Treatment Plants in large industrial areas in Kuwait.
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4. Oil Sludge Treatment
4. Oil Sludge Treatment The problem of petroleum waste is giving a due consideration to the national level. Accordingly, it is mandatory to implement the control of all the causes reflecting
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petroleum pollution in petroleum production companies to be within the permissible limits of disposal to the waste conforming with environmental law. One of the most encountered pollutants in petroleum production companies is the crude oil that is entrapped with the effluents during treatment and conditioning of the wells produced crude oil through treatment process facilities. Sludge pits typically contain a semi‐emulsified mixture of oxidized crude oil, water and miscellaneous solids (together with whatever else has been dumped in them, corrosion, product, sand silt & clay). Clean up of sludge pit requires as a minimum efficient separation of oil, water and solids. The oil phase is then recombined with the crude stream, the water should be sufficiently clean (and especially hydrocarbon free) to dispose off in any available water way or well and the solids residue, after additional washing or any biological treatment that may be necessary (depending on the origin and composition of the solids) should be clean enough to be land‐filled. Referring to Decision (210/2001) including the EPA environmental regulations and standards and to Basel Convention On the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, and which Kuwait became a party in 1994. It was mandatory to manage a safe treatment of these wastes (sludge), in addition to putting a strategic plan to minimize hazards and make use of such sludge, in order to maintain a clean environment and recover the sludge to remarkable crude.
Theory of sludge formation The petroleum sludge is attributed to two major factors controlling in its formation, the first is the inorganic residue (sediments, sands, scales and dust) and the second is the precipitation of paraffinic wax, since wax precipitates are sparingly soluble in
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crude oil, the reason behind wax precipitation is temperature changes. In addition to the above reasons, the oxidation of heavy organic material in crude oil due to climatic changes or from oxidizing fungi and also the interruption in material balance due to losses of volatile components and the tendency of asphaltene, resins and polymeric compounds to precipitate all lead to the formation of sludge.
Product recovery About 90–95% of the oil or crude in the sludge pit could be recovered. At current world crude prices this is a substantial saving.
The Need for Advanced Treatment Methods and Techniques In the interest of the State of Kuwait there is always a need to apply more advanced methods and techniques to treat the oil sludge derived oil refineries and crude oil‐ producing activities. Consequently, KEPA would like to invite a consultant with long experience in this subject to evaluate the current situation of oil sludge production, storage and treatment in Kuwait and recommend the best ways to reduce and treat the present start of oil sludge. The consultant could then proceed to write a TOR and present tender documents for oil sludge treatment.
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5. The Infrastructure of the New Industrial City to the West of Kuwait
5. The Infrastructure of the New Industrial City to the West of Kuwait
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Following the KEPA intensive inspection by the end of 2009 of 55 factories in West Shuaiba Industrial Area, one of the main sources of pollution to the nearby Umm Al‐Haiman Residential Area, a detailed technical report was prepared and submitted by the EPA to the Kuwaiti Cabinet (Council of Ministers), in December 13, 2009. The report includes an integrated plan to improve the environmental conditions of the southern part of Kuwait. The plan will be implemented in three phases: Phase I on the short term (1‐2 years), Phase II on the medium term (1‐5 years) and Phase III on the long‐term (1‐10 years). The plan, which has been approved by the Cabinet on January 10, 2010, strongly recommends the transport of heavily and medium‐ impacted factories over a period of 2‐5 years from West Shuaiba. These industries will be relocated in a new large Industrial City (100 Km
2 ) built in a remote area to the
West of Kuwait City.
Figure 1.
Site Assessment, TOR & Tender Documents A renowned local consultancy office has been selected by KEPA to carry out a detailed site assessment for the project area, the TOR and tender documents for the infrastructure of the New Industrial City.
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Figure 2.
Infrastructure Networks The selected contractor will be asked to build the following two main infrastructure networks:
Road Network Structure: includes internal traffic network and articulation in accordance with external connections and other outdoor road network, parking structure, principle landscaping areas, etc.
Infrastructural Facilities Networks: These include:
1. Surface and land movement works 2. Water systems and wastewater 3. Storm water / collection systems 4. Irrigation system 5. Power supply 6. Natural gas lines 7. Fire fighting system 8. Electrical system 9. Telecommunication system 10. MSW Management system 11. Security and access control
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6. Mitigation Measures Required for the Environmental Compliance of Factories in
West Shuaiba Industrial Area
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6. Mitigation Measures Required for the Environmental Compliance of Factories in West Shuaiba Industrial
Area The KEPA Report and Action Plan approved by the Kuwaiti Cabinet in January 2010 includes the following mitigation measures which should be taken by the Factories in West Shuaiba to improve the environmental conditions in the southern part of Kuwait.
1. Carry out full assessment of the existing environmental conditions of all factories by KEPA certified Environmental Consultancy Offices/Companies.
2. Implement Periodical Monitoring Programmes through fixing online
monitoring equipment for real time measurements of all pollutants released, which will be linked with the KEPA GIS‐based Environmental Information System.
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7. Training Programmes For KEPA And Factories Staff
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7. Training Programmes For KEPA and Factories Staff
KEPA Staff KEPA is looking for Consultants to offer Training Programmes to KEPA Technicial Staff in the following areas:
‐ Environmental Impact Assessment ‐ Environmental Auditing
Factories Staff Joint training programmes between KEPA and Consultants on Environmental Compliance will be offered to Factories Staff Members.
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8. Integrated Chemicals Management
System (ICMS)
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8. Integrated Chemicals Management System (ICMS)
Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) is responsible of the monitoring and control of all chemical materials imported and produced in the state of Kuwait. In order for KEPA to carry out its monitoring duty in a proper way, an Integrated Chemicals Management System (ICMS) is proposed. ICMS is to provide the necessary information in an integrated manner for the involved decision‐makers on the types, locations and quantities of chemicals used within the country. KEPA is to develop, host and maintain the ICMS in coordination and collaboration with all stakeholders in Kuwait and according to the best practice and international standards like the European REACh. This system includes a GIS‐based database for the management and tracking of chemicals in Kuwait as well as many other functions, including:
1. Management of the unified list of banned and restricted materials in the State of Kuwait through concerned authorities.
2. Monitoring of banned and restricted materials entering Kuwait. 3. Track chemical transportation, storage and accumulation and ensure
compliance with international standards. 4. Processing of electronic import permits for chemical materials. 5. Provision of Material Safety Data Sheets for chemical materials. 6. Tracking of materials and facilities that deal with chemical materials. 7. Provision of a database of chemical materials incidents. 8. Provision of a data base of violations related to chemical materials. 9. Provision of instant reports and statistics related to chemical materials.
The system also ensures a link between chemical materials concerned authorities and determining their roles in order to avoid duplication and conflicts. It also supports the integration of their work and cooperation in the management of chemical materials. The system is an important source of information about chemical materials for all ministries, and governmental and non‐governmental organizations as well as existing facilities in the State of Kuwait, and scientific and educational institutions. At the same time, the system enhances the competencies, capacities, and mechanisms of relevant institutions in the management of chemical materials, as well as the exchange of information and internal documentation. The system has an advantage of being flexible and has the ability to accommodate growth and inclusion of other ministries and governmental institutions concerned in the future.
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Proposed action plan towards the implementation of the system:
1. A specialized Consultant is to study the current situation in detail and determine the needs of the KEPA and other relevant stakeholders and to develop an RFP documents and technical specifications for the implementation of the project.
2. A consulting firm is to assist the KEPA to choose the implementation
contractor and to fully control and supervise the project implementation and to address day‐to‐day problems during the implementation process and to be responsible for testing and final acceptance of the system to be developed.
3. Conduct a pre‐qualification process among international and local companies
for the implementation of this project and compose a shortlist of qualified firms.
4. Project tendering among qualified companies. 5. Examine and evaluate the bids and choose the right company. 6. Start and monitor the implementation of the project under the technical
supervision of the consulting firm, which in turn prepares and submits progress reports to the Director of Industrial Environment Department at EPA.
- 2. Rehabilitation of Closed Landfills
- 2. Rehabilitation of Closed Landfills
- Landfill sites
- All sites in Kuwait act as dumping grounds rather than safe sanitary landfill areas. The current operation procedures used are neither safe for humans nor for the environment. Due to the fact that landfill sites have not been operated in a sustainable manner, 13 landfill sites were closed before their expected time period. These include Seventh Ring Road - North, Sulabiyah, Kabed, Al-Qurain, Shuaiba , east of Sulaibiya, Jleeb AI Shuyoukh, Military Sabhan Area, Sabhan Block 11 - Aleqila, Alshulebah, West Yarmouk, Failaka Island - AI Wafra), as well a number of unknown sites.
- 1. Project aim
- Experienced Consultant Required