ESSAY INR
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KantLiberalLegaciesandForeignAffairs.pdf
Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs Author(s): Michael W. Do le Source: Philosoph & Public Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Summer, 1983), pp. 205-235 Published b : Wile Stable URL: https:// .jstor.org/stable/2265298 Accessed: 22-04-2020 17:15 UTC
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MICHAEL W. DOYLE Ka , Libe al Legacie ,
a d F eig Affai *
I
Wha diffe e ce d libe al i ci le a d i i i ake he c d c
f he f eig affai f libe al a e ? A hicke f c flic i g j dg e gge ha he legacie f libe ali ha e bee clea l a ecia ed. F a ci i e f libe al a e , libe al i ci le a d i i i ha e
f ll ab bed d e ic li ic ha hei i fl e ce f eig affai e d be ei he e l ked al ge he , he e cei ed, e agge a ed. Libe ali bec e ei he elf-c ci l a i ic i he e d " eace-
l i g." F a ch la a d di l a , he ela i a g i de- e de a e a ea diffe ig ifica l f d e ic li ic ha i fl e ce f libe al i ci le a d d e ic libe al i i i a e de ied de ig a ed. The j dge ha i e a i al ela i a e g e ed b e ce i f a i al ec i a d he bala ce f e ; libe al i - ci le a d i i i , he he d i de, c f e a d di he i f bala ce- f- e li ic .'
* Thi i he fi half f a - a a icle. The a icle ha be efi ed f he e e i e c i ici f Willia A che , Richa d Be , Willia B d , J e h Ca e , Feli Gilbe , A G a , D He g, S a le H ff a , Ma i Le , J di h Shkla , Ma k Uhlig, a d he Edi f Phil h & P blic Affai . I ha e al ied ake i acc gge i f F ad Aja i, S e e Da id, T Fa e , R be Gil i , E e a de
Haag, Ge ai e H , R be Je i , D ald Kaga , R be Ke ha e, J h Ra l , Nich- la Ri l , R be W. T cke , Richa d Ull a , a d he e be f a S ecial Se i a a he Leh a I i e, Feb a 22, I983. The e a ca be i e e ed a a c e f hei ie .
i. The libe al- a i ic ie a ei e a ed b P e ide Reaga i a eech bef e he B i i h Pa lia e 8 J e I982. The e he clai ed "a gl bal ca aig f de c a ic de el e ." Thi "c ade f f eed " ill be he la e ca aig i a adi i ha , he clai ed, bega i h he Mag a Ca a a d e ched i hi ce h gh ld a a d a c ld a . He added ha libe al f eig licie ha e h " e ai " a d " eacef l i e i " a d ha hi c ade ill e g he he ec f a ld a eace (Ne Y k Ti e , 9 J e I982). The ke ical ch la a d di l a e e e he ed i a Reali i e e a i f i e a i al ela i . See . 4 a d I 2 f efe e ce .
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206 Phil h & P blic Affai
Al h gh libe ali i i i e e ed f b h he e i f ie , a c cial a ec f he libe al legac i ca ed b each. Libe ali i a
di i c ide l g a d e f i i i ha ha ha ed he e ce i f a d ca aci ie f f eig ela i f li ical cie ie ha a ge f
cial elfa e cial de c a ic lai e fai e. I defi e ch f he c e f he libe al a i ' a i ali . Libe ali d e a ea di he i f bala ce- f- e li ic . Th i f eig ela i ca be ade a el e lai ed ( e cibed) b a le elia ce he
bala ce f e . B libe ali i i he e l " eace-l i g"; i i c i e l e ai ed eacef l i i e . F he e, libe al ac-
ice a ed ce he babili ha a e ill cce f ll e e ci e he c i e e ai a d eacef l i e i ha a ld eace a ell
e i e i he clea age. Ye he eacef l i e a d e ai ha libe ali d e a ife i li i ed a ec f i f eig affai a ce he ibili f a ld eace hi ide f he g a e f ld c e . I ha e g he ed he ec f a ld eace e abli hed b he
ead e a i f a e a a e eace a g libe al cie ie . P i g ge he he e a a e l c adic (b , i fac , c a -
ible) iece f he libe al legac begi i h a di c i f he a ge f libe al i ci le a d ac ice. Thi a icle highligh he diffe e ce be- ee libe al ac ice a d he libe al cie ie a d libe al ac ice a d libe al cie ie . I a g e ha libe ali ha achie ed e - a di a cce i he fi a d ha c ib ed e ce i al c -
f i i he ec d. A ecia i g he e libe al legacie call f a he
l k a e f he g ea e f libe al hil he , I a el Ka , f he i a ce f i igh , lic , a d h e.
II
Libe ali ha bee ide ified i h a e e ial i ci le- he i - a ce f he f eed f he i di id al. Ab e all, hi i a belief i he
i a ce f al f eed , f he igh be ea ed a d a d ea he a e hical bjec , a d a bjec ea l . Thi i ci le ha ge e a ed igh a d i i i .
A c i e a h eef ld e f igh f he f da i f
libe ali . Libe ali call f f eed f a bi a a h i , f e called " ega i e f eed ," hich i cl de f eed f c cie ce, a f ee e a d f ee eech, e ali de he la , a d he igh h ld, a d
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207 Ka , Libe al Legacie a d F eig Affai
he ef e e cha ge, e i h fea f a bi a ei e. Libe -
ali al call f h e igh ece a ec a d e he
ca aci a d i f f eed , he " i i e f eed ." S ch cial
a d ec ic igh a e ali f i i ed ca i a d igh
heal h ca e a d e l e , ece a f effec i e elf-e e i
a d a ici a i , a e h a g libe al igh . A hi d libe al igh ,
de c a ic a ici a i e e e a i , i ece a g a a ee he
he . T e e ha all a i di id al e ai f ee
i h e a ea f cial ac i he e blic a h i i eeded, blic
legi la i ha e e he ill f he ci i e aki g la f hei
c i .
The e h ee e f igh , ake ge he , ee ee he challe ge
ha Ka ide ified:
T ga i e a g f a i al bei g h de a d ge e al la f
hei i al, b f h each i cli e a d e e i g hi elf,
a d e abli h hei c i i i ch a a ha , i i e f he
fac hei i a e a i de a e ed, he e i a e a i de all
i ede each he i ch a a e ha [ hei ] blic beha i i he
a e a if he did ha e ch e il a i de .2
B he dile a i hi libe ali i h ec cile he h ee e
f libe al igh . The igh i a e e , f e a le, ca c flic
i h e ali f i a d b h igh ca be i la ed b de c a ic
legi la i . D i g he i8 ea i ce Ka e, he libe al adi i
ha e l ed high ad i di id al f eed a d cial de ; e
i lai e -fai e "c e a i e" libe ali a d he he i cial elfa e,
cial de c a ic, "libe al" libe ali . B h ec cile he e c flic -
i g igh ( h gh i diffe i g a ) b cce f ll ga i i g f ee
i di id al i a li ical de .
The li ical de f lai e -fai e a d cial elfa e libe al i a ked
b a ha ed c i e f e e ial i i i . Fi , ci i e e j idical e ali a d he f da e al ci ic igh ch a
f eed f eligi a d he e . Sec d, he effec i e e eig f he
a e a e e e e a i e legi la e de i i g hei a h i f he c - e f he elec a e a d e e ci i g hei a h i f ee f all e ai
2. I a el Ka , "Pe e al Peace" (I795) i The Phil h f Ka , ed. Ca l J. F ied ich (Ne Y k: M de Lib a , I949), . 453.
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208 Phil h & P blic Affai
a a f he e i e e ha ba ic ci ic igh be e e ed.3 M
e i e l f he i ac f libe ali f eig affai , he a e i bjec ei he he e e al a h i f he a e he i e al a h i f ecial e ga i e held, f e a le, b a ch il- i a ca e e f eig lic . Thi d, he ec e a ec g i i f he igh f i a e e , i cl di g he e hi f ea f d c i . P e i j ified b i di id al ac i i i (f e a le, b lab ) b cial ag ee e cial ili . Thi e cl de a e
ciali a e ca i ali , b i eed e cl de a ke ciali a i f f he i ed ec . F h, ec ic deci i a e ed i a l ha ed b he f ce f l a d de a d, d e icall a d i e a i all , a d a e f ee f ic c l b b ea c acie .
I de ec he i f he ci i e e e ci e f eed , lai e -fai e libe ali ha lea ed a d a highl c ai ed le f he a e a d a ch ide le f i a e e a d he a ke . I
de e he i f he ci i e e e ci e f eed , el- fa e libe ali ha e a ded he le f he a e a d c ic ed he le f he a ke .4 B h, e e hele , acce he e f i i i al e-
3. The ac al igh f ci i e hi ha e f e bee li i ed b la e ale ff age, b libe al egi e ha b ed i ci le f i i he e e i f j idical e ali ; i fac , a e e a b gh bea he g e i el e e ded he ff age he e i e la i . B hi di i c i , i e ee h-ce U i ed S a e a libe al; e - ie h-ce S h Af ica i . See Sa el H i g , A e ica P li ic : he P i e
f Di ha (Ca b idge, MA: Ha a d U i e i P e , 198I). 4. The ce f cla ic, lai e -fai e libe ali ca be f d i L cke, he Fede ali
Pa e , Ka , a d R be N ick, A a ch , S a e a d U ia (Ne Y k: Ba ic B k ,
I974). E i i f elfa e libe ali a e i he k f he Fabia a d J h Ra l ,
A The f J ice (Ca b idge, MA: Ha a d U i e i P e , I971). A G a , Libe al E ali (Ca b idge: Ca b idge U i e i P e , I980), di c e a ia f libe al h gh .
U c f abl a allelli g each f he high ad a e "l ad " ha , hile achie i g ce ai libe al al e , fail ec cile f eed a d de . A e hel i g e f a a ch a d a ec la i e e i g e ca d i e lai e -fai e libe al a la - a d- de a h i a ia le ha ac ifice de c ac . A h i a ia i e e e de i he a g e f H bbe ' Le ia ha . I al ha e he a g e f igh i g libe al h eek d a a di i c i be ee "a h i a ia " a d " ali a ia " dic a hi . The
j ifica i e i e ad a ced b libe al f he f e i ha he ca be e a a d ed ca e he la i i a acce a ce f e , i di id al igh , a d, e e all , e e e a i e g e e . See Jea e Ki k a ick, "Dic a hi a d D ble S a da d ," C e a 68 (N e be I979): 34-45. C le e a il , he cial i e ali ie a e j dged be e e e, he elfa e libe al ca a g e ha e abli hi g ( ee abli hi g) he f da i f libe al cie e i e a libe al e h d f ef , a ec d l ad f edi ib i g a h i a ia i . A i ide Z lbe g e a "libe al lef " e ibili a g
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209 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
i e e a d c a a kedl i h he c l ie , a chical e- gi e , ili a dic a hi , a d c i a dic a hi i h hich he ha e ha ed he li ical g e a ce f he de ld.
The d e ic cce e f libe ali ha e e e bee e a a e . Ne e ha e a e le bee i cl ded i , a d acce ed he d e ic hege f, he libe al de ; e e ha e a f he ld' leadi g
a e bee libe al, he he a e blic a c i i al a chie . I deed, he cce f libe ali a a a e he ble f a - e le e i de cie i eflec ed i he g h i he be f libe al egi e f he h ee ha e i ed he Ka e he
e ha f ha e i da . B e h ld be c lace ab he d e ic affai f libe al a e . Sig ifica ac ical ble e - d e: a g he a e e ha ci g ci i e a ici a i i la ge de c a- cie , di ib i g " i i al g d " (f e a le, e igi j b ), c - lli g b ea c ac , ed ci g e l e , a i g f a g i g
de a d f cial e ice , ed ci g i fla i , a d achie i g la ge cale
TABLE I
Libe al Regi e
a d he Pacific U i T al
Pe i d (B da e "libe al")a N be
i8 h ce S i Ca b 3
F e ch Re blic I790-I795
he U i ed S a e b I 776-
i8 -i850 S i C fede a i , 8 he U i ed S a e
F a ce I830-I849
Belgi I830-
G ea B i ai I832-
Ne he la d I848-
Pied I848-
De a k i849-
U.S. ch la f Af ica li ic ha j ified ef i g dic a hi . (See O e Pa G - e e i he I C a [P i ce : P i ce U i e i P e , I9691, . iii.) A d he a g e f " ef i g a c ac " ca be f d i J. S. Mill' defe e f c l iali i I dia.
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2IO Phil h & P blic Affai
TABLE I (c .)
Libe al Regi e
a d he Pacific U i T al Pe i d (B da e "libe al")a N be
I850-I900 S i e la d, I3 he U i ed S a e ,
Belgi , G ea B i ai ,
Ne he la d
Pied - i86i, I al i86i - De a k -i866
S ede I864-
G eece I864-
Ca ada I867-
F a ce I87I-
A ge i a i88 -
Chile I89I-
I900-I945 S i e la d, 29 he U i ed S a e ,
G ea B i ai ,
S ede , Ca ada
G eece -19II, I928-I936
I al -I922
Belgi -I940;
Ne he la d -I940;
A ge i a -I943
F a ce -I940
Chile -I924, I932
A alia I9OI-
N a I905-I940
Ne Zeala d I907-
C l bia I9I0-I949
De a k I9I4-I940
P la d I9I7-I935
La ia I922-I934
Ge a I9I8-I932
A ia I9I8-I934
E ia I919-I934
Fi la d I9I9-
U g a I9I9-
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2II Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F ei Affai
C a Rica I9I9-
C ech l akia I920-I939
I ela d I920-
Me ic I928-
Leba I944-
I945C- S i e la d, he U i ed S a e , 49
G ea B i ai , S ede ,
Ca ada, A alia, Ne Zeala d,
Fi la d, I ela d, Me ic
U g a -I973;
Chile -I973;
Leba -I975 C a Rica -I948, I953-
Icela d I944-
F a ce I945-
De a k I945-
N a I945-
A ia I945-
B a il I945-I954, I955-I964
Belgi I946-
L e b g I946-
Ne he la d I946-
I al I946-
Phili i e I946-I972
I dia I947-I975, I977-
S i La ka I948-I96I,
i963-I977,I978-
Ec ad I948-I963, I979-
I ael I949-
We Ge a I949-
Pe I950-I962, I963-I968, I980-
El Sal ad I950-I96I T ke I950-I960, I966-I97I
Ja a I95I-
B li ia I956-I969
C l bia I958-
Ve e ela I959-
Nige ia I96I-I964, I979-
Ja aica I962-
T i idad I962-
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212 Phil h & P blic Affai
e c i g f i d ie i e e g i g f eig c e i i .5
N e hele , he e d e ic ble ha e bee idel e l ed h gh
he a e b ea l ed. Libe ali ' f eig ec d i e b c e
a d a a e c ide a i .
TABLE I (c .)
Libe al Regi e
a d he Pacific U i T al
Pe i d (B da e "libe al")a N be
Se ,egal I963-
Mala ia I963-
S h K ea I963-I972
B a a I 966-
Si ga e I965-
G eece I975-
P gal 1976-
S ai I 978- D i ica Re blic 1978-
a. I ha e d a hi a i a e li f "Libe al Regi e " acc di g he f i i i de c ibed a e e ial: a ke a d i a e e ec ie ; li ie ha a e e e all e eig ; ci i e h e j idical igh ; a d " e blica " ( he he e- blica a chical), e e e a i e, g e e . Thi la e i cl de he e i e e ha he legi la i e b a ch ha e a effec i e le i blic lic a d be f all a d c e i i el , ei he e iall ac all , elec ed. F he e, I ha e ake i acc he he ale ff age i ide ( ha i , 30 e ce ) e "achie e e " b i habi a (f e a le, ll- a a e h eh lde ) f he a i al e li a e i . Fe ale ff age i g a ed i hi a ge e a i f i bei g de a ded; a d e e e a i e g e e i i e all e eig (f e a le, i cl di g a d e eciall e ili a a d f eig affai ) a ell a able (i e i e ce f a lea h ee ea ).
S ce : A h Ba k a d W. O e ee , ed ., The P li ical Ha db k f he W ld, I980 (Ne Y k: McG a -Hill, I980); F eig a d C eal h Office, A Yea B k f he C eal h I980 (L d : HMSO, I980); E a Yea b k, I98I (L d : E a, I98i); W. L. La ge , A E c cl edia f W ld Hi (B : H gh -Miffli , I968); De a e f S a e, C Re H a Righ P ac ice (Wa hi g , DC: G e e P i i g Office, ig8i); a d F eed a I e, . 54 (Ja .-Feb. I980).
b. The e a e d e ic a ia i i hi he e libe al egi e . F e a le, S i e la d a libe al l i ce ai ca ; he U i ed S a e a libe al l h f he Ma - Di li e il I865, he i beca e libe al h gh . The e li al e cl de a cie " e blic ," i ce e a ea fi Ka ' c i e ia. See S e he H l e , "A i i i a d f A he ," A e ica P li ical Scie ce Re ie 73, . I (Ma ch 1979).
c. Selec ed li , e cl de libe al egi e i h la i le ha e illi .
5. F ed Hi ch, The S cial Li i G h (Ca b idge, MA: Ha a d U i e i P e ,
'977).
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2I3 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
III
I f eig affai libe ali ha h , a i ha i he d e ic eal ,
e i eak e e . B like libe ali ' d e ic eal , i f eig
affai ha e e e ie ced a li g b le ha f ll a ecia ed c-
ce e . T ge he he ha e a ec g i ed dile a, f b h he e
cce e a d eak e e i la ge a i g f he a e ca e: he
i e a i al i lica i f libe al i ci le a d i i i .
The ba ic la e f libe al i e a i al he h ld ha a e ha e
he igh be f ee f f eig i e e i . Si ce all a
ci i e h ld igh libe , he a e ha de c a icall e e e
he ha e he igh e e ci e li ical i de e de ce. M al e ec
f he e igh he bec e he ch e f i e a i al libe al he-
.6 Whe a e e ec each he ' igh , i di id al a e f ee e - abli h i a e i e a i al ie i h a e i e fe e ce. P fi able e -
cha ge be ee e cha a d ed ca i al e cha ge a g ch la
he c ea e a eb f al ad a age a d c i e ha b l e
e i e f blic e ec .
The e c e i f al e ec ha e f ed a c e a i e f -
da i f ela i a g libe al de c acie f a e a kabl effec i e ki d. E e h gh libe al a e ha e bec e i l ed i e a
i h libe al a e , c i i all ec e libe al a e ha e e
e gage i a i h e a he .7 N e h ld a g e ha ch a
a e i ible; b eli i a e ide ce d e a ea i dica e ha
he e e i a ig ifica edi i i agai a fa e be ee libe al
a e . I deed, h ea f a al ha e bee ega ded a illegi i a e. A libe al e f eace, a acific i , ha bee ai ai ed a d ha e -
6. Cha le Bei , P li ical The a d I e a i al Rela i (P i ce : P i ce U i e i P e , I979) ffe a clea a d i igh f l di c i f libe al idea i e - e i a d i e e i .
7. The e a ea be e e ce i he e de c f libe al a e e gage i a a i h each he . Pe a d Ec ad , f e a le, e e ed i c flic . B f each, he a ca e i hi e h ee ea af e he e abli h e f a libe al egi e, ha i , bef e he acif i g effec f libe ali c ld bec e dee l i g ai ed. The Pal- e i ia a d he I aeli cla hed f e e l al g he Leba e e b de , hich Leba c ld h ld ec e f ei he bellige e . B a he begi i g f he I967 Wa , Leba ee ha e e a fligh f i je i I ael. The je e e e l ed. Al e a g I ael' A ab eighb , Leba e gaged i f he h ili ie i h I ael. I ael' ece a ack he e i f Leba a a a ack a c ha had al ead bee cc ied b S ia (a d he P.L.O.). Whe he I ael ac all ill i hd a (if S ia i hd a ) a d e e a i de e de Leba i e be de e i ed.
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214 Phil h & P blic Affai
TABLE 2
I e a i al Wa Li ed Ch l gicall *
B i i h-Maha a a (i8i7-I8I8) S a i h-Sa D i ica (I863-
G eek (I82I-I828) i865)
F a c -S a i h (I823) Sec d Schle ig-H l ei (I864)
Fi A gl -B e e (I823-I826) L e (I864-I870)
Ja a e e (I825-I830) S a i h-Chilea (I865-I866)
R -Pe ia (I826-I828) Se e Week (I866)
R -T ki h (I828-I829) Te Yea (I868-I878)
Fi P li h (I831) F a c -P ia (I870-I87I)
Fi S ia (I83I-I832) D ch-Achi e e (i873-i878)
Te a (I835-1836) Balka (I875-I877)
Fi B i i h-Afgha (I838-I842) R -T ki h (1877-I878)
Sec d S ia (I839-I840) B ia (I878)
F a c -Alge ia (I839-I847) Sec d B i i h-Afgha (I878-I880) Pe ia -B li a (I84I) Pacific (I879-I880)
Fi B i i h-Sikh (I845-I846) B i i h-Z l (I879)
Me ica -A e ica (I846-I848) F a c -I d chi e e (I882-I884)
A -Sa di ia (I848-I849) Mahdi (I882-I885)
Fi Schle ig-H l ei (I848-1849) Si -F e ch (I884-I885)
H ga ia (I848-I849) Ce al A e ica (i885) Sec d B i i h-Sikh (I848-I849) Se b -B lga ia (i885) R a Re blic (i 849) Si -Ja a e e (I894-I895)
La Pla a (I85I-I852) F a c -Madaga ca (I894-1895)
Fi T c -M e eg a (1852- C ba (I895-1898)
I853) I al -E hi ia (I895-I896)
C i ea (I853-I856) Fi Phili i e (I896-I898)
A gl -Pe ia (i856-i857) G ec -T ki h (I897) Se (I857-I859) S a i h-A e ica (i898)
Sec d T c -M e eg a (i858- Sec d Phili i e (I899-I902) I859) B e (i899-i902)
I alia U ifica i (I859) B e Rebelli (I900)
S a i h-M cca (I859-i860) Il de ( 903) I al -R a (i86 ) R -Ja a e e (I904-I905)
I al -Sicilia (i 86 -i86i) Ce al A e ica (1906)
F a c -Me ica (I862-I867) Ce al A e ica (1907)
Ec ad ia -C l bia (I863) S a i h-M cca (190 -i9i0)
Sec d P li h (I863-I864) I al -T ki h (I91-I912)
* The able i e i ed b e i i f Mel i S all a d J. Da id Si ge f Re A (Be e l Hill , CA: Sage P blica i , I982), . 79-80. Thi i a a ial li f i e a i al a f gh be ee i8i6 a d I980. I A e dice A a d B f Re
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215 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
Fi Balka (I9I2-I9I3) K ea (I950-I953) Sec d Balka (19I3) Alge ia (I954-I962) W ld Wa I (I9I4-I9I8) R -H ga ia (1956)
R ia Na i ali ie (I917-I92I) Si ai (I956)
R -P li h (I9I9-1920) Tibe a (I956-I959) H ga ia -Alie (I919) Si -I dia (I962)
G ec -T ki h (1919-I922) Vie a e e (I965-I975)
Riffia (I92I-I926) Sec d Ka h i (I965) D e (I925-I927) Si Da (I967)
Si -S ie (I929) I aeli-Eg ia (I969-I970)
Ma ch ia (I93I-I933) F ball (I969)
Chac (1932-I935) Ba glade h (1971) I al -E hi ia (I935-I936) Phili i e-MNLF (I972-) Si -Ja a e e (I937-194I) Y Ki (1973)
Cha gk fe g (1938) T c -C i (I974) N ha (I939) E hi ia -E i ea (I974-) W ld Wa 11 (1939-I945) Vie a e e-Ca b dia (I975-) R -Fi i h (1939-I940) Ti (I975-)
F a c -Thai (I940-I94I) Saha a (I975-)
I d e ia (I945-1946) Ogade (I 976-)
I d chi e e (I945-I954) Uga da -Ta a ia (I978-I979) Madaga ca (1947-I948) Si -Vie a e e (I979) Fi Ka h i (I947-I949) R -Afgha (979-) Pale i e (I948-I949) I a i-I a i (ig8 -) H de abad (I948)
a ded de i e e a ic la c flic f ec ic a d a egic
i e e .
D i g he i e ee h ce he U i ed S a e a d B i ai eg ia ed
he he f ie f he U i ed S a e . D i g he A e ica Ci il
A , S all a d Si ge ide if a al f 575 a i hi e i d; b a i a el 159 f he a ea be la gel d e ic, ci il a .
Thi defi i i f a e cl de c e i e e i , e f hich ha e bee di ec ed b libe al egi e agai he libe al egi e . O e e a le i he U i ed S a e ' eff de abili e he Chilea elec i a d Alle de' g e e . N e hele , i i ig ifica (a ill be a a e bel ) ha ch i e e i a e ed blicl a ack l- edged lic . The c e de abili a i ca aig agai Chile i ec ed i U.S. C - g e , Se a e, Selec C i ee S d G e e al O e a i i h Re ec I - ellige ce Ac i i ie , C e Ac i i Chile, 1963-73, 94 h C g e , I Se i (Wa hi g , DC: U.S. G e e P i i g Office, 1975).
The a g e f hi a icle (a d hi li ) al e cl de ci il a . Ci il a diffe f
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2I6 Phil h & P blic Affai
Wa he c e cial li kage be ee he La ca hi e c ec a d he A e ica S h a d he e i e al li k be ee he B i i h a i c ac a d he S he la c ac ( ge he i h e di - e e he igh f B i i h hi i g agai he N he bl ckade) b gh G ea B i ai a d he N he a e he b i k f a , b he e e a ed e ha b i k. De i e a i e e A gl -F e ch c l - ial i al , c i e ch a Fa h da i I898 e e e l ed i h g i g a . De i e hei c l ial i al ie , libe al F a ce a d B i ai f ed a e e e bef e W ld Wa I agai illibe al Ge a ( h e f eig ela i e e c lled b he Kai e a d he A ). D i g I9I4-I5 I al , he libe al e be f he T i le Alfia ce i h illibe al Ge a a d A ia, ch e f lfill i bliga i de he T i le Allia ce ei he i allie e ai e al. I ead, I al , a libe al e- gi e, j i ed he allia ce i h F a ce a d B i ai ha ld e e i f ha i g figh he libe al a e , a d decla ed a A ia a d
Ge a , i f e allie . A d de i e ge e a i f A gl -A e ica e i a d B i i h e ic i A e ica ade, he U i ed S a e lea ed a d B i ai a d F a ce f I9I4 I9I7. N he e a hi ecial eace a g libe al a e e clea l clai ed ha i P e - ide W d Wil ' "Wa Me age" f 2 A il I9I7: "O bjec , a he , i i dica e he i ci le f eace a d j ice i he life f he ld a agai elfi h a d a c a ic e a d e a g he eall f ee a d elf-g e ed e le f he ld ch a c ce f e a d f ac i a ill he cef h e e he b e a ce f h e i ci le . "8
i e a i al a i he fe ci f c ba b i he i e ha e ge de he . T a i ha c ld abide e a he a i de e de eighb e a a ed b a b de igh ell be he fie ce f e e ie if f ced li e ge he i e a e, j i l decidi g h ai e a d e d a e , ch e leade , a d legi la e f da e al e i f al e. N i h a di g he e diffe e ce , ci il a ha I ecall e he a g e f libe al
acifica i .
8. I e ial Ge a i a diffic l ca e. The Reich ag a l elec ed b i e al ale ff age b , b a d la ge, he a e led de he la , e ec i g he ci ic e ali a d igh f i ci i e . M e e , Cha cell Bi a ck bega he c ea i f a cial elfa e cie ha e ed a a i i a i f i ila ef i libe al egi e . H e e , he c i i al ela i be ee he i e ial e ec i e a d he e e e a i e legi - la e e e fficie l c le ha a i ac ice , a he ha c i i al he ,
de e i ed he ac al ela i be ee he g e e a d he ci i e . The e e a i ed a d c ld di i he cha cell . Al h gh he cha cell a e ible he Reich ag, a defea i he Reich ag did e e hi did he g e e ab l el de e d he Reich ag f b dge a a h i . I ac ice, Ge a a a libe al a e de e blica la f d e ic i e . B he e e ' di ec a h i
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217 Ka , Libe al Legacie a d F eig Affai
S a i icall , a be ee a a e (i a i gle ea he:
h e i d f i e) i a l babili e e . Wa be ee a (
adjace a e , c ide ed e a l g e i d f i e, a be e ha
e bable. The a a e ab e ce f a a g he e clea lb
libe al a e , he he adjace , f al h d ed ea , h ha e ig ifica ce. P li icall e ig ifica , e ha , i ha
he a e a e f ced decide, b he e e f a i i gi g lc
a , hich ide f a ld c e he ill figh , libe al a e i c
all he a e ide, de i e he eal c le i f he hi ical
ec ic a d li ical fac ha affec hei f eig licie . A (
hi icall , e h ld ecall ha edie al a d ea l de E e
e e he a i g c ck i f a e , he ei F a ce a d E gla d a c
he L C ie e gaged i ea c a ife. The i he la c
eigh ee h ce he e bega e e ge libe al egi e . A fi he i a a d c f ed, a d la e clea a d c fide a libe al egi e gai ec
dee e d e ic f da i a d l ge i e a i al e e ie ce, a a
cific i f he e libe al a e beca e e abli hed.
e he a , he a ' effec i e i de e de ce f he i i al a h i f he Wa Mi i , a d he e e ' ac i e le i f eig affai (i cl di g he i fl e ial e a a e cha el he e e h gh he ili a a ache ) ge he i h he e c i- i al ela i hi be ee he cha cell a d he Reich ag ade i e ial Ge a a a e di ced f he c l f i ci i e i f eig affai .
Thi a h i a ia ele e l i fl e ced Ge a f eig lic aki g, b al ha ed he i e a i al li ical e i e (a lack f ) he Reich faced a d he d e ic li ical e i e ha defi ed he g e e ' i a d ca abili ie ( he eak e f libe al i i a agai he e ce i al i fl e ce f j ke ili a i ic a- i ali ). Th di ec i fl e ce lic a b e e l f he a h i a ia ele e . N e hele , ig ifica a d ife-ge e a i g e i de ca be di ec l a ib ed hi ele e . The i cl de Ti i ' a ach Wilhel II b ai he la e ' a c i f a e f Cha cell Be h a -H ll eg' al f a a al ag ee e i h B i ai (I909). Added hi a Wilhel ' e al a a ce f f ll he A ia ea l i he Sa aje C i i a d hi , ge he i h M l ke' , e a ic e e he Cha - cell h gh J l a d A g f I9I4, hich hel ed de ha e e c he e ce Ge a di l ac igh he i e ha e had, a d hich led e A ia fficial a k, "Wh le i Be li ? M l ke Be h a ?" (G d C aig, The P li ic f he P ia A [Ne Y k: O f d U i e i P e , I9641, . iii a d cha . 6). F a e celle acc f Be h a ' ai a d he c ai he e c e ed, ee K ad H. Ja a ch, "The Ill i f Li i ed Wa : Cha cell Be h a -H ll eg' Calc la ed Ri k, J l I9I4," Ce al E ea Hi 2 (I969).
The libe al ce f I al ' deci i a e i ed i R. Vi a elli' e ie f H g B le ' Gae a Sal e i i d die I alie i che P li ik de E e Wel k ieg i he J al f M de Hi 52, . 3 (Se e be I980): 54I.
The a i f P e ide Wil i f W d Wil , The Me age a d Pa e f W d Wil , ed. Albe Sha (Ne Y k: The Re ie f Re ie , I924), . 378.
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2I8 Phil h & P blic Affai
The Reali del f i e a i al ela i , hich ide a la ible
e la a i f he ge e al i ec i f a e , ffe li le g ida ce i e lai i g he acifica i f he libe al ld. Reali , i i cla ical f la i , h ld ha he a e i a d h ld be f all e eig , effec i el b ded b i di id al igh a i all a d h ca able f de e i i g i c e f a h i . (Thi de e i a i ca be ade de c a icall , liga chicall , a c a icall .) I e a i all , he
e eig a e e i i a a a chical cie i hich i i adicall i de e de ; ei he b ded ec ed b i e a i al "la " ea ie d ie , a d he ce, i ec e. H bbe , e f he e e ee h- ce f de f he Reali a ach d e he i e a i al i li- ca i f Reali he he a g ed ha he e i e ce f i e a i al a a ch , he e i de e de ce f a e , be acc f he c e- i i , he fea , a d he e a i a d e e i e a ha cha ac- e i e i e a i al ela i . P li ic a g a i i a c i c ba , b i i i hi ie a " a e f a ... a ac f i e, he ei he ill c e d b ba le i fficie l k ."9
I i e a i al ela i he , h ee "ga e " e lai he fea ha H bbe a a a f c flic i he a e f a . Fi , e e he a e ha e a i e e i a c g d ha c ld be a ai ed b c e a i , he ab e ce f a ce f gl bal la a d de ea ha e a e ca c he c e a i e beha i f he he . Each a e he ef e ha a a i al i ce i e defec f he c e a i e e e i e e e if l e a g d h e al e i le ha he ha e ha ld ha e bee b ai ed f he cce f l acc li h e f he c e a i e e e i e ( hi i R ea ' " ag dile a"). Sec d, e e h gh each a e k ha ec i i ela i e he a a e le el f e ial ad e a ie a d e e h gh each a e eek i i- i e i a e e di e, i al k ha , ha i g gl bal g a a ee f ec i , bei g ca gh a ed b a i e a ack i e ha bea i g he c f a a e . Each he ef e a ; all a e e ff ( hi i he " ec i dile a," a a ia f he " i e ' dile a"). Thi d, hea il a ed a e el hei e ige, hei c edibili ,
de e a e f e i g he e ali f hei a i ba le, a d c edibili i ea ed b a ec d f cce e . O ce a e f c - f a i i a ed, backi g d , al h gh a i al f b h ge he ,
9. Th a H bbe , Le ia ha (Ne Y k: Pe g i , I980), I, cha . I3, 62; . i86.
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219 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
i a i al (fi be ) f ei he i di id all if he e i e cha ce
ha he he ill back d fi ( he ga e f "chicke ").I
S ecific a he ef e a i e f fea a a a e eeki g a id a
i e a ack decide a ack fi ; f c e i i e e la i a
a e lacki g a i ed i e a i al hie a ch f e ige ggle
e abli h hei lace; a d f aigh f a d c flic f i e e ha
e cala e i a beca e he e i gl bal e eig e e a e
f ad i g ha l i a e f f c flic e l i . He ei lie Th -
c dide ' i i f " ec i , h , a d elf-i e e " a d H bbe ' "dif-
fide ce," "gl ," a d "c e i i " ha d i e a e c flic i he
i e a i al a e f a .II
Fi di g ha all a e , i cl di g libe al a e , d e gage i a , he
Reali c cl de ha he effec f diffe i g d e ic egi e ( he he
libe al ) a e e idde b he i e a i al a a ch de hich
all a e li e.I2 Th H bbe d e b he di i g i h be ee
" e c cil e a " he he di c e he e eig . Diffe i g
d e ic egi e d affec he a i f e ce a ailable he a e
a R ea (a eigh ee h-ce Reali ) h i hi di c i f
P la d, a d M ge ha (a e ie h-ce Reali ) de a e i
hi di c i f ale. 13 B he e d ha ha e he i e a i al a e
f a a e dec eed f he Reali b he a a ch f he i e a i al de a d he f da e al e f e ha di ec he lic f all
S a e , i e ec i e f diffe e ce i hei d e ic egi e . A R ea
a g ed, i e a i al eace he ef e de e d he ab li i f i e -
a i al ela i ei he b he achie e e f a ld a e b a adical
i la i i (C ica). Reali j dge ei he be ible.
i . R be Je i , "C e a i U de he Sec i Dile a," W ld P li ic 30, . I (Ja a I978).
i I. Th c dide , The Pel e ia Wa , a . Re Wa e (Bal i e, MD: Pe g i B k , I954) 1:76; a d H bbe , Le ia ha , I, cha . I3, 6i, . I85. The c i cide ce f ie i accide al; H bbe a la ed Th c dide . A d H bbe ' ai f he a e f a e a ea be d a f Th c dide ' acc f he e l i i C c a.
I2. Ke e h N. Wal , Ma , he S a e, a d Wa (Ne Y k: C l bia U i e i P e , I954, I959), . I20-23; a d ee hi The f I e a i al P li ic (Readi g, MA: Addi -We le , I979). The cla ic ce f hi f f Reali a e H bbe a d, e a ic la l , R ea ' "E a S . Pie e' Peace P jec " a d hi "S a e f Wa " i A La i g Peace (L d : C able, I9I7), E. H. Ca ' The T e Yea ' C i i : 1919- 1939 (L d : Mac illa & C ., I951), a d he k f Ha M ge ha .
I3. Jea -Jac e R ea , The G e e f P la d, a . Will e Ke dall (Ne Y k: B bb -Me ill, I972); a d Ha M ge ha , P li ic A g Na i (Ne Y k: Alf ed A. K f, I967), . I32-35.
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220 Phil h & P blic Affai
Fi , a he le el f he a egic deci i ake , Reali a g e ha a
libe al eace c ld be e el he c e f de di l ac . S e,
i cl di g H bbe , ha e a g ed ha e eig ha e a a al d
ac agai " he ea f eace."I4 I di id al e abli hed ( ha i ,
h ld e abli h) a e eig e ca e f he b ali ie f he a e
f a e, he a f all agai all, ha f ll f c e i i f
ca ce g d , c a ble f e ige, a d fea f a he ' a ack he he e i e eig ide f la f l ac i i i eg la i ed cial
c d c e al ec i . "D i i e e c i ed f eace'
ake, a d eace a gh f afe ' ake"; he a al d f he
e eig i he ef e he afe f he e le. Ye de lic ca be a e f ceable igh f ci i e beca e H bbe ia e eig , h
e ai i he a e f a e i h e ec hei bjec a d he
e eig , ca he el e be bjec . Ne e hele , he i e a e c di i i ece a il he igi al
b ali l a ed he f ie . The e eig i e all
e ec e ha a i di id al i he igi al a e f a e a d ldie
a e b a e i . U like i di id al , a e a e e al; e
li e e e a i el b ed i a ce, he li e l b ffe - a ce. Ye a lic f afe i a g a a ee f eace. The i e a i al
c di i f H bbe e ai a a e f a . Safe e j i a de
lic f f e a i g ( i g) a d f f ea i g e elf i c ea e e-
c i agai he e eig h , lacki g a a a ce ha a e
aki g he e ea e , al ake he . Safe al e i e ( all )
aki g ac i " ha e e haUl ee c d ce he le e i g f he
e f f eig e h he [ he e eig ] ec , he he b ligh f ce. "'5 If e e i e a a e de , he Reali ' de ce b- i l ca acc f e ha a ce a d a half f eace a g
i de e de libe al a e , a f hich ha e c ded e a he i he ce e f E e.
Rece addi i ga e he ecif e f he ci c a ce
de hich de ce c ld lead eace. E e ie ce; ge g a h ; e -
ec a i f c e a i a d belief a e ; a d he diffe i g a ff c e a i ( eace) c flic a cia ed i h a i e f ili a ech l g all a ea i fl e ce he calc l .i6 B he i c e
I4. H bbe , "De Ci e," The E gli h W k f Th a H bbe (L d : J. B h , I84I), 2: I 66-67.
I5. Ibid., . I7I. I6. Je i , "C e a i U de he Sec i Dile a," . I72-86.
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221 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
ac i i g he ech i e f eaceable i e ac i , a i a ea be
l , a lea e a ic, lea e . The bala ce f e ( e bel ) i ega ded a a i a le i he Reali i e , b ce ie f e -
e ie ce did e e ei he F a ce (L i XIV, Na le I) Ge - a (Wilhel II, Hi le ) f a e i g c e E e, ice each. Ye e, e e , black Af ica a e a ea ha e achie ed
a e - ea - ld e f i e i el effec i e a da d f al
le a i . The e a da d a e c le el effec i e (a i Ta a ia'
i a i f Uga da); b he ha e c f ded e ec a i f a c a -
ble edi ide Af ica.I7 Ge g a h -"i la ec i " a d "c i e al
i ec i "- a affec f eig lic a i de ; b i d e a ea de e i e beha i , a he bellic e ec d f E gla d a d Ja a
gge . Belief , e ec a i , a d a i de f leade a d a e h ld i fl e ce a egic beha i . A e f a i di al edi i i f he
A e ica blic i dica e ha a eaceable i cli a i ld be e ha ced
b ha i g a he a egic hel a f -fi e- ea - ld, black, fe ale, e- dia icia f P e a Je i h fai h, e ide i Be he da, Ma la d.i8 Ne e hele , i ld be diffic l de e i e if libe al leade ha e had e eaceable a i de ha leade h lead libe al a e . B e e if e did ake ha di c e , he al ld ha e acc f h he e eaceable a i de l a ea be effec i e i ela i i h
he libe al ( i ce a i h libe al ha e bee if l de- fe i e).
M e b a ial c ib i ha e bee ade i he l gic f ga e he deci i de diffe i g ili a ech l gie . The e ech l gie
ca al e he a ff f he " ec i dile a": aki g he c f c e a i high, ed ci g he c f bei g e a ed i ed, ed ci g he be efi f i e a ack, i c ea i g he gai f
c e a i . I a ic la , Je i ece l ha e a i ed he diffe i g effec f i a i i hich he ffe e he defe e ha he ad a age a d i hich ffe i e ea a e a e di i g i hable f de-
fe i e ea . Whe he ffe e ha he ad a age a d ea a e i di i g i hab-le, he le el f i ec i i high, i ce i e f ee i e
a ack c e di gl a e g. Whe ffe i e ea d ha e a ad a age a d ffe i e ea a e di i g i hable he i ce i e
I7. R be H. Jack a d Ca l G. R be g, "Wh We Af ica' Weak S a e Pe i ," W ld P li ic 35, . I (Oc be I982).
i8. I e e ed f Michael Haa , I e a i al C flic (Ne Y k: B bb -Me ill, 1974), . 8 -8I, 457-58.
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222 Phil h & P blic Affai
f ee i e a ack a e l , a a e he i ce i e f a ace . Ca able f ig alli g i h cla i a agg e i e i e a d f g a a eei g ha he a e e i edia e a egic h ea , a e e h ld be able ad eaceable licie a d eg ia e di e . B , hi ca be he e la a i f he libe al eace. Mili a ech l gie cha ged f ffe i e defe i e a d f di i g i hable di i g i hable, e he acific i e i ed a d e i ed l a g libe al a e . M e e , e e he "clea e " ech ical e age a ea bjec ga -
bli g. The e-i9I4 e i d, hich bjec i el e e e ed a i h f he di i g i hable defe e ( achi e g , ba bed i e, e ch a fa e) e he ffe i e, bjec i el , a Je i e , a a e i d hich a -
ea ed ili a leade lace e ce i al e i he ffe i e a d h ee i e a .'9
Sec d, a he le el f cial de e i a , e igh a g e ha ela i a g a g f a e i h i ila cial c e i h
c a ible al e ld be eacef l.20 B agai , he e ide ce f fe dal cie ie , c i cie ie , fa ci cie ie , ciali cie ie d e hi c cl i . Fe dal a fa e a f e e a d e ch a f he a ch a d bili . The e ha e bee e gh l ali a ia , fa ci e ( ha e he la ed l g e gh) e fai l hei acific c a ibili ; b fa ci e i he ide e e f a i ali , ca i ali , ili a dic a hi f gh each he i he I930S.
C i e ha e e gaged i a e ece l i Ea A ia. A d e ha e had e gh ciali cie ie c ide he ele a ce
f ciali acifica i . The e ab ac ca eg f l ali d e ffice. Ce ai l Ge a a l ali he i e gaged i a i h
libe al a e i I9I4; Ja a a ell i I94I. B he e e libe al. A d hi d, a he le el f i e a e ela i , ei he ecific egi al
ig. Je i , "C e a i U de he Sec i Dile a," . i86-2IO, 2I2. Je i e a i e i ce i e f c e a i , he e i e ce ce f eace.
20. The e i a ich c e a li e a e de ed e lai i g i e a i al c e a i a d i eg a i . Ka l De ch' P li ical C i a d he N h A la ic A ea (P i ce- : P i ce U i e i P e , I957) de el he idea f a " l ali ic ec i c - i " ha bea a e e bla ce he " acific i ," b De ch li i i ge g a hicall a d fi d c a ibili f al e , al e i e e , a d edic abili f beha i a g deci i - ake a i e e ial f da i . The e a e i a b hei a ic la c e , libe ali , a ea be e elli g. J e h N e i Peace i Pa (B : Li le, B & C ., I97I) e a a f he ge g a hic li i De ch e a d f c e le el f de el e ; b hi a al i i di ec ed a d e lai i g i eg a i -a e i e i e f f c e a i ha he acific i .
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223 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
a ib e hi ic allia ce f ie d hi ca acc f he ide
each f he libe al eace. The eace e e d a fa a , a d f he ha , he ela i a g libe al a e , i cl di g libe al a e
i a he i e libe al egi ( ch a he h A la ic i he I930 ) e cl di g libe al a e i a libe al egi ( ch a Ce al A e - ica Af ica).
A hi le el, Ra d A ha ide ified h ee e f i e a e
eace: e i e, hege , a d e ilib i .21 A e i e ge e all c-
ceed i c ea i g a i e al eace, b hi i a e la a i f eace
a g i de e de libe al a e . Hege ca c ea e eace b e - a i g e ial i al . Al h gh fa f e fec a d ce ai l eca i ,
U i ed S a e hege , a A e , igh acc f he i e a e
eace i S h A e ica i he a e i d d i g he heigh f he
c ld a c flic . H e e , he libe al eace ca be a ib ed e el effec i e i e a i al lici g b a ed i a hege -B i ai i he i e ee h ce , he U i ed S a e i he a e i d. E e
h gh a hege igh ell ha e a i e e i e f ci g a eace f he ake f c e ce i e e a a ea f e ha ci g i
e ige ec i ; hege ch a e e ee h-ce F a ce e e
eace-e f ci g lice, a d he libe al eace e i ed i he i e a e i d he i e a i al cie lacked a ed i a hege ic e .
M e e , hi e la a i e e i a e hege ic c l i b h e- i d . Nei he E gla d he U i ed S a e a able e e di ec
challe ge i i e e (c l ial c e i i i he i e ee h ce ,
Middle Ea di l ac a d c flic e adi g i h he e e i he
a e i d). Whe e he a he ca aci e e all a ed c - flic be ee libe al egi e , a f hich e e e e a d he
a egicall ec icall i ig ifica ? Libe al hege a d lead- e hi a e i a ( ee Sec i V bel ), b he a e fficie e lai a libe al eace.
Peace h gh e ilib i ( he l i la cla ical bala ce f e
he bi la "c ld a ") al d a de ial ce f eace.
2i. Ra d A , Peace a d Wa (Ne Y k: P aege , I968) . I5I-54. P g e a d eace h gh he i e a d decli e f e i e a d hege ie ha bee a cla ic he e. L c e i gge ed ha he a be a f a e ge e al la f a e: "A ge c aliae ge e , aliae i i /I e b e i a i a aec la a i a ,/E a i c e i ai la ada ad ." [S e e le a a d he a e/A d i a h ace he de f li i g hi g i cha ged/A d like e ha d he ch f life.] De Re . Na . ii, 77-79.
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224 Phil h & P blic Affai
A a a e e f he likelih d ha agg e i e a e a hege ill ge e a e i e a i al i i h ld, i i a g ed, de e he e ag- g e i e a . B bi la abili di c age la e e a , all e a . A d l i la bala ci g f e al e c age a fa e ei e, f e a le, e i f a egic de h agai a i al e a di g i e f i e al g h. 22 Nei he eadil acc f ge e al eace f he libe al eace.
Fi all , e Reali igh gge ha he libe al eace i l e- flec he ab e ce f dee c flic f i e e a g libe al a e . Wa cc ide he libe al e beca e c flic f i e e a e dee e he e. B hi a g e d e hi g e ha ai e he e i f h libe al a e ha e fe e le f da e al c flic f i e e i h he libe al a e ha libe al a e ha e i h libe al, - libe al a e ha e i h he libe al . We he ef e e a i e he ki g f libe ali a g i ki d-a ecial acifica i f he " a e f a " e i g libe ali a d hi g ei he e ecific e ge e al.
22. Ke e h Wal , The f I e a i al P li ic , cha . 8; a d Ed a d G lick, E - e' Cla ical Bala ce f P e (Ne Y k: N , I967), cha . 3.
O e f he h gh c llec i e i e iga i f he e al, cie al, a d i e - a i al e ic ce f a ha bee he C ela e f Wa P jec . See e eciall Mel i S all a d J. Da id Si ge , Re A (Be e l Hill , CA: Sage, I982) f a e c ehe i e li a d a i ical a al i f a . J. Da id Si ge ("Acc i g f I e -
a i al Wa : The S a e f he Di ci li e," J al f Peace Re ea ch i8, . I [i98i]) d e he f ll i g c cl i : "The e ige cie f i al i a i e a i al e f ch i ade a e ga i a i a d i h e a i el d f c i al a c l e e i e el- a i el if e e ( . ii). . . . d e ic fac a e egligible;" a "ca be e lai ed he ba i f ela i el i a ia he e a" ( . i).
Michael Haa , I e a i al C flic , di c e ha , a he e ic le el, "c llec i e ec i , a ifica i , a d hege i a i e a e likel a id a high f e e c i i le " ( . 453); b " i gle [ca al] del a e i el e e la gel a - i fac " ( . 452). A he cial le el, a c ela e i h a iable ch a : "bl c i- e ce, ili a bili a i , blic e ce i f h ili a d e le f he c - ie , a high i f g a i al d c de ed ili a e e di e . . ." ( . 46I). The e a iable a ea de c ibe a he ha e lai a . A cl e a al i he e f a cia e de c ac , de el e , a d ai ed de i a i i h he e - i e ce f eacef l c ie ( . 464-65). B he e fac d c ela e i h acifi- ca i d i g he e i d i8i6-i965 acc di g M. S all a d J. D. Si ge , "The Wa P e e f De ca ic Regi e ," Je ale J al f I e a i al Rela i 5 , . 4 (S e I976).
Thei c cl i f ll , I hi k, f hei h ge i a i f a a d f hei a e e lai all a , i hich a iad f a e ha e e gaged. I a e e lai a i e a e eace, hich l libe al egi e , a a ic la e f a e a d cie , ha e cceeded i e abli hi g.
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225 Ka , Libe al Legacie a d F eig Affai
IV
M libe al he i ha e ffe ed i ade a e g ida ce i de a di g
he e ce i al a e f libe al acifica i . S e ha e a g ed ha
de c a ic a e ld be i he e l eacef l i l a d lel beca e
i he e a e ci i e le he li a d bea he c f a . U like
a ch , ci i e a e able i d lge hei agg e i e a i a d
ha e he c e e ce ffe ed b e e el e. O he libe al ha e a g ed ha lai e -fai e ca i ali c ai a i he e e de c a d
a i ali , a d ha , i ce a i i a i al, libe al ca i ali ill be
acifi ic. O he ill, ch a M e ie , clai ha "c e ce i
he c e f he de c i e ej dice ," a d "Peace i he a al
effec f ade."23 While he e de el e ca hel acc f he
libe al eace, he d e lai he fac ha libe al a e a e eacef l l i ela i i h he libe al a e . F a ce a d E gla d f gh
e a i i , c l ial a h gh he i e ee h ce (i he
I83 a d I84 agai Alge ia a d Chi a); he U i ed S a e f gh
a i ila a i h Me ic i I848 a d i e e ed agai i I9I4 de
P e ide Wil . Libe al a e a e a agg e i e a d a e a a
he f f g e e cie i hei ela i i h libe al a e .
I a el Ka ffe he be g ida ce. "Pe e al Peace," i e
i I795, edic he e e - ide i g acifica i f he libe al acific
i , e lai ha acifica i , a d a he a e i e gge h
libe al a e a e acific i hei ela i i h libe al a e . Ka
a g e ha Pe e al Peace ill be g a a eed b he e e - ide i g
acce a ce f h ee "defi i i e a icle " f eace. Whe all a i ha e
acce ed he defi i i e a icle i a e a h ical " ea " f e e al
eace he a k he ig , e e al eace ill ha e bee e abli hed.
The Fi Defi i i e A icle h ld ha he ci il c i i f he a e
be e blica . B e blica Ka ea a li ical cie ha ha l ed he ble f c bi i g al a , i di id ali , a d
cial de . A ba icall i a e e a d a ke - ie ed ec
23. The i c a ibili f de c ac a d a i f cef ll a e ed b Pai e i The Righ f Ma . The c ec i be ee libe al ca i ali , de c ac , a d eace i a g ed b , a g he , J e h Sch e e i I e iali a d S cial Cla e (Ne Y k: Me- idia , I955); a d M e ie , S i i f he La I, bk. 2 , cha . i. Thi li e a e i e ed a d a al ed b Albe Hi ch a , "Ri al I e e a i f Ma ke S cie : Ci ili i g, De c i e, Feeble?" J al f Ec ic Li e a e 2 (Dece be i 982).
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226 Phil h & P blic Affai
a iall add e ed ha dile a i he i a e he e. The blic, li ical, he e a e bli g. Hi a e a a e blic ha e e ed j idical f eed - he legal e ali f ci i e a bjec - he ba i f a e e e a i e g e e i h a e a a i f e . J idical f eed i e e ed beca e he all a i di id al i b ea f e e e a i a elf-legi la aki g la ha a l all ci i e e all i cl di g hi elf. A d a i a ided beca e he i di id al i bjec la he d e al ad i i e .24
Libe al e blic ill g e i el e abli h eace a g he el e b ea f he " acific i " de c ibed i he Sec d Defi i i e A icle f he E e al Peace. The acific i i li i ed "a ea f he a i a g he el e " hich " ai ai i elf, e e a , a d eadil e a d ." The ld ill ha e achie ed he " e e al eace" ha ide he l i a e g a a f e blica f eed il " e la e a d af e a cce f l a e ." The igh c ce i f he a ia e c i i , g ea a d ad e e ie ce, a d g d ill ill ha e a gh all he a i he le f eace. N il he ill i di id al e j e fec e blica igh he f ll g a a ee f a gl bal a d j eace. B i he ea i e, he " acific i " f libe al e- blic " eadil e a d [ e ha i ]" b i gi g i hi i e a d
e e blic (de i e e blica c lla e , back lidi g, a d a di - a e ) a d c ea i g a e e e a di g e a a e eace.25 The acific
i i ei he a i gle eace ea e di g e a a ld a e
24. T cla ic ce ha e a i e Ka ' i e a i al he f a Reali e - ec i e a e S a le H ff a , "R ea Wa a d Peace" i he S a e f Wa (Ne Y k: P aege , I965) a d Ke e h Wal , "Ka , Libe ali , a d Wa ," A e ica P li ical Scie ce Re ie 56, . 2 (J e i962). I ha e be efi ed f hei a al i a d f h e f Ka l F ied ich, I e i able Peace (Ca b idge, MA: Ha a d U i e i P e , I948); F. H. Hi le , P e a d he P i f Peace (Ca b idge: Ca b idge U i e i P e , I967), cha . 4; W. B. Gallie, Phil he f Peace a d Wa (Ca b idge: Ca b idge U i e i P e , I978), cha . i; a d a ic la l Pa ick Rile , Ka ' P li ical Phil h (T a, NJ: R a a d Li lefield, I983). B e f he c cl i f hi a icle diffe a kedl f hei .
Ka ' e blica c i i i de c ibed i Ka , "Pe e al Peace," The Phil h f Ka , . 437 a d a al ed b Rile , Ka ' P li ical Phil h , cha . 5.
25. Ka , "U i e al Hi ," The Phil h f Ka , . I 23. The acific i f ll a ce f "fede ali a i " ch ha i "ca be eali ed b a g ad al e e i all a e , leadi g e e al eace." Thi i e e a i c a i h h e ci ed i . 24. I hi k Ka ea ha he eace ld be e abli hed a g libe al egi e a d ld e a d a e libe al egi e a ea ed. B a ce f g ad al e e i he eace ld bec e gl bal a d he e e al; he cca i f a i h libe al ld di a ea a libe al egi e di a ea ed.
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227 Ka , Libe al Legacie a d F eig Affai
a e f a i . The fi i i fficie ; he ec d a d hi d a e
i ible e iall a ical. Ka de el ga i a i al e -
b di e f hi ea , a d e abl he d e fi d i i i ali-
a i ece a . He a ea ha e i i d a al agg e i
ac , e ha a c llec i e ec i ag ee e , a d he c li a la
e f h i he Thi d Defi i i e A icle.26
The Thi d Defi i i e A icle f he E e al Peace e abli he a c -
li a la e a e i c j c i i h he acific i . The c li a la " hall be li i ed c di i f i e al h i ali ." I hi he call f he ec g i i f he " igh f a f eig e be
ea ed i h h ili he he a i e he il f a he [c ],"
hich "d e e e d f he ha he c di i hich e able he
[ he f eig e ] a e he de el i g f i e c e [c e ce] i h
he ld i habi a ." H i ali d e e i e e e di g ei he he
igh ci i e hi f eig e he igh e le e , le he
f eig i i ld e i h if he e e e elled. F eig c e a d
l de al fi d j ifica i de hi igh . H i ali d e a ea
i cl de he igh f acce a d he bliga i f ai ai i g he - i f ci i e e cha ge g d a d idea , i h i i g he
bliga i ade (a l a ac i all ca e de libe al c i - i ).27
Ka he e lai each f he h ee defi i i e a icle f a libe al eace. I d i g he de el b h a acc f h libe al a e d
ai ai eace a g he el e a d f h i ill (b i lica i , ha )
c e ab ha he acific i ill e a d. Hi ce al clai i ha
a a al e l i ill d ce "a ha f he e di ha f e agai hei ill. "28
26. Ka ' "Pacific U i ," he f ed acific , i h ei he a ac aci (a i gle eace ea ) a ci i a ge i (a ld a e). He a ea ha e a ici a ed e hi g like a le f all i i i ali ed Leag e f Na i U i ed Na i . O e c ld a g e ha he e i i i i ac ice ked f libe al a e a d l f libe al a e . B ecificall libe al " acific i " a i i i ali ed. I ead libe al a e ha e beha ed f he a i8 ea a if ch a Ka ia acific i a d ea f Pe e al Peace had bee ig ed. Thi f ll Rile ' ie f he legal, he ga i a i al,
cha ac e f he f ed acific . 27. Ka , "Pe e al Peace," . 444-47. 28. Ka , he f h i ci le f "The Idea f a U i e al Hi " i The Phil h f
Ka , . I20. I e e i gl , Ka ' h ee ce f eace ( e blica i , e ec , a d c e ce) a allel i e cl el A i le' h ee ce f f ie d hi (g d e , lea e a ecia i , a d ili ). See Nic achea E hic , bk. 8, cha . 3, a . J.A. K. Th (Bal i e, MD: Pe g i , I955).
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228 Phil h & P blic Affai
The fi ce de i e f a li ical e l i , f a c i i al
la . Na e ( ide ce) ha ee i ha h a bei g ca li e i all he egi he e he ha e bee d i e e le b a . (Ka , h
ce a gh ge g a h , e he La , he Sa ed , he Pe -
che a .) "A cial ciabili " d a e ge he f lfill eed f e-
c i a d a e ial elfa e a i d i e he i c flic e he di -
ib i a d c l f cial d c . Thi i le a al e l i
e d a d he libe al eace beca e "a cial ciabili " i e i abl
lead a d e blica g e e a d e blica g e e a e a ce f he libe al eace.
Re blica e e e a i a d e a a i f e a e d ced be- ca e he a e he ea b hich he a e i " ga i ed ell" e a e
f a d ee f eig h ea (b i ) a d a e he a bi i f
elfi h a d agg e i e i di id al (b a h i de i ed f e e e -
a i , b ge e al la , a d b de ic ad i i a i ). S a e hich
a e ga i ed i hi fa hi fail. M a ch h cede igh f e -
e e a i hei bjec i de e g he hei li ical b ai a e e e. Thi a g e ide a la ible, l gical
c ec i be ee c flic , i e al a d e e al, a d e blica i ; a d i highligh i e e i g a cia i be ee he i i g i cide ce f i e a i al a a d he i c ea i g be f e blic .
Ne e hele , c a e a a i f a ca e ha ce he le f
ili a i i i i a cie he i ha he bec e he cie ' le . Ci il c flic ca lead ae ia c . C e el , a e i-
e f ec i ca ide a li ical cli a e f eake i g he
a e b c i i al e ai .29 Sig ifica l , he a -affec ed
a e ha e bee libe al e blic .3O M e i a l , he a g e i i di i c a e e l a a e ge e al h he i ha bili i g
elf-i e e ed i di id al i he li ical life f a e i a i ec e
ld ill e e all e ge de e e f e blica a ici a i . Ka eed e ha hi gge ha e blica i a d a libe al
eace a e ible (a d h a al bliga i ). If i i ible, he e i e e he c e f hi i a be i e i able. B a e i g
29. The "P ia M del" gge he c ec i be ee i ec i , a , a d a - h i a ia i . See The A gl -A e ica T adi i i F eig Affai , ed. A ld W lfe a d La e ce Ma i (Ne Ha e : Yale U i e i P e , I956), "I d c i ," f a a g e li ki g ec i a d libe ali .
30. S all a d Si ge , Re A , . I76-79.
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229 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
ake i da e f achie e e edic able- jec i g a ead e d-
he gge , a be a ki g ch. He a ici a e back lidi g a d
de c i e a , h gh he e ill e e ed ca e he a i he i a ce f eace.3'
Ka h h e blic , ce e abli hed, lead eacef l ela i . He a g e ha ce he agg e i e i e e f ab l i a chie a e
a ed a d ce he habi f e ec f i di id al igh i e g ai ed b
e blica g e e , a ld a ea a he di a e he e le'
elfa e ha he a d he he libe al h gh he be. The f da-
e al ea i hi :
If he c e f he ci i e i e i ed i de decide ha a
h ld be decla ed (a d i hi c i i i ca b be he ca e), hi g i e a al ha ha he ld be e ca i i c -
e ci g ch a ga e, dec eei g f he el e all he cala i ie
f a . A g he la e ld be: ha i g figh , ha i g a he
c f a f hei e ce , ha i g ai f ll e ai he
de a a i a lea e behi d, a d, fill he ea e f e il , l ad he el e i h a hea a i al deb ha ld e bi e eace i elf
a d ha ca e e be li ida ed acc f c a a i he f e. B , he he ha d, i a c i i hich i e blica ,
a d de hich he bjec a e ci i e , a decla a i f a i
he ea ie lhi g i he ld decide , beca e a d e e i e f he le , h i he ie a d a e be f he
a e, he lea ac ifice f he lea e f hi able, he cha e, hi c h e , hi c f c i , a d he like. He a , he ef e, e l e a a a lea e a f he i ial ea , a d
i h e fec i diffe e ce lea e he j ifica i hich dece c e i e
he di l a ic c h a e e e ead ide i .32
3I. Ka , "The Idea f a U i e al Hi ," . I24.
32. I a el Ka , "Pe e al Peace" i The E ligh e e , ed. Pe e Ga (Ne Y k:
Si & Sch e , 1974), . 790-92. Gallie i Phil he f Peace a d Wa c i ici e Ka f eglec i g ec ic, eligi ,
a i ali ic d i e a d a a d f faili g a ecia e ha " egi e " ake a i de e ha ce hei d e ic li ical . B Ka h ld ha he e d i e h ld be b di a ed j ice i a libe al cie (he ecificall c i ici e c l ial a i - la ed b a aci e ). He al a g e ha e blic de i e hei legi i ac f hei acc da ce i h la a d e e e a i , he eb f eei g he f c i e f d e ic li ical . Ka h ack lege b h Gallie' e f i e f a b a g e ha he ld a l i hi he acific i .
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230 Phil h & P blic Affai
O e c ld add Ka ' li a he ce f acifica i ecific libe al c i i . The eg la a i f ffice i libe al de c a ic li ie i a i ial de ice ha hel e e ha e al a i i ie a g head f g e e ide la i g, e cala i g ce f e - i .
The e d e ic e blica e ai d e d a . If he did, libe al
a e ld be a like, hich i fa f he ca e. The d i d ce
Ka ' "ca i " i lace f a chical ca ice. Libe al a a e l f gh f la , libe al e . T ee h hi e e he cca i f a a g libe al a e a d a be ee libe al a d libe al a e , e eed hif a e i f c i i al la i e - a i al la , Ka ' ec d ce.
C le e i g he c i i al g a a ee f ca i , i e a i al la add a ec d ce-a g a a ee f e ec . The e a a i f a i ha a cial ciabili e c age i ei f ced b he de el - e f e a a e la g age a d eligi . The e f he g a a ee a ld f e a a e a e -a e e ial c di i eeded a id a "gl bal,
l-le de i ." Ye , a he a e i e, he al all i eg a e libe al a e "a c l e g e e a d e g ad all c e cl e - ge he a d a g ea e ag ee e i ci le f eace a d de - a di g."33 A e blic e e ge ( he fi ce) a d a c l e - g e e , a de a di g f he legi i a e igh f all ci i e a d f all e blic c e i la ; a d hi , ha ca i cha ac e i e lic , e he al f da i f he libe al eace. C e d- i gl , i e a i al la highligh he i a ce f Ka ia blici . D e icall , blici hel e e ha he fficial f e blic ac acc di g he i ci le he fe h ld j a d acc di g he
i e e f he elec he clai e e e . I e a i all , f ee eech a d he effec i e c ica i f acc a e c ce i f he li ical life f f eig e le i e e ial e abli h a d e e e he de - a di g hich he g a a ee f e ec de e d . I h , d e - icall j e blic , hich e c e , e e f eig e blic be al c e al, j , a d he ef e de e i g f acc da i . The e e ie ce f c e a i hel e ge de f he c e a i e be-
ha i he he c e e ce f a e lic a e clea b ( e iall ) all be eficial.34
33. Ka , The Phil h f Ka , . 454. The e fac al ha e a bea i g Ka l De ch' "c a ibili f al e " a d " edic abili f beha i " ( ee . 20).
34. A highl li ed e i f hi effec ca be f d i he Reali ' "P i e '
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23I Ka , Libe al Legacie a d F eig Affai
La l , c li a la , add a e ial i ce i e al c i - e . The c li a igh h i ali e i he " i i f c - e ce" e la e ake h ld f e e a i , h i elli g a e e eace a d a e a .
Libe al ec ic he h ld ha he e c li a ie de i e f a c e a i e i e a i al di i i f lab a d f ee ade acc di g c a a i e ad a age. Each ec i aid be be e ff ha i
ld ha e bee de a a k ; each h ac i e a i ce i e a id licie ha ld lead he he b eak he e ec ic ie . Si ce kee i g e a ke e he a i ha he e e f
a ac i ill al be de e i ed b ice a he ha c e ci , a e e f al ec i i i al a id ec i - i a ed ea che f ec ic a a k . Th a idi g a challe ge a he libe al a e' ec i e e e ha ci g each he ' ec i b ea f allia ce a all f ll ec ic i e de e de ce.
A f he c li a ce f libe al eace i ha he i e a i al a ke e e diffic l deci i f d c i a d di ib i f he di ec he e f a e lic . A f eig a e h d e a ea di ec l e ible f he e c e ; a e ca a d a ide f , a d e deg ee ab e, he e c e i a ke i al ie a d be ead e i e l e c i e . F he e, he i e de e de ce f c -
e ce a d he c ec i f a e fficial hel c ea e c c i g a - a i al ie ha e e a l bbie f al acc da i . Acc di g
de libe al ch la , i e a i al fi a cie a d a a i al, b ea c a ic, a d d e ic ga i a i c ea e i e e i fa f ac-
Dile a" ga e. The e a fail e f al a d he i ce i e e ha ce e' i i d ce a c e a i e l i ha ake b h a ie e ff. C a il , c e a i , a c i e a id e l i i g he he a , d ce j i gai . The ig ifica ce f he ga e i hi c e i he cha ac e f i a ici a . The " i e " a e e ed be fel i , ela ed a a f hei a e hi i c i e, a d lacki g i al -c e i i e a i a e i a a a chic ld. A i ila ga e be ee f a e al al i -Ka ' e blic - ld be likel lead diffe e e l . See R be Je i , "H he e Mi e ce i ," W ld P li ic 2 , . 3 (A il I968), f a e i i f he le f e i ; a d "C e a i U de he Sec i Dile a," W ld P li ic 30, . 2 (Ja a I 978), f he fac Reali ee a i iga i g he ec i dile a ca ed b a a ch .
Al , e ec a i (i cl di g he a d hi ) ca i fl e ce beha i , aki g libe al a e e ec (a d f lfill) acific licie a d each he . The e effec a e e l ed a a he e ical le el i R. Dace , "S e I lica i f 'The Ab i ' f Ec ic The a d he Ec ic f I f a i " i Phil hical Di e i f Ec ic , ed. J. Pi (D d ech , H lla d: D. Reidel, I980).
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232 Phil h & P blic Affai
c da i a d ha e e ed b hei a ie ha i gle c flic a e i e ela i hi .35
N e f he e c i i al, i e a i al c li a ce
i al e fficie , b ge he (a d l he e ge he ) he la ibl c ec he cha ac e i ic f libe al li ie a d ec ie i h - ai ed libe al eace. Libe al a e ha e e ca ed f he Reali '
" ec i dile a," he i ec i ca ed b a a ch i he ld li - ical e c ide ed a a h le. B he effec f i e a i al a a ch
ha e bee a ed i he ela i a g a e f a i ila l libe al cha - ac e . Allia ce f el al a egic i e e a g libe al a d libe al a e ha e bee b ke , ec ic ie be ee libe al a d
libe al a e ha e e f agile, b he li ical b d f libe al igh a d i e e ha e e a e a kabl fi f da i f al - agg e i . A e a a e eace e i a g libe al a e .
V
Whe e libe al i e a i ali a g libe al a e ha bee deficie i i e e i g i ba ic ec di i de cha gi g i e a i al ci - c a ce , a d a ic la l i i g he libe al cha ac e f i c i e a e . I ha failed cca i , a i did i ega d Ge a i heI 920S, ide i e a i al ec ic f libe al egi e h e a ke f da i e e i c i i . I failed i he I930S ide
ili a aid li ical edia i S ai , hich a challe ged b a a ed i i , C ech l akia, hich a ca gh i a dile a f e e i g a i al ec i ack ledgi g he clai (f e ed b Hi le ' Ge a ) f he S de e i i elf-de e i a i . Fa -
igh ed a d c i i e ea e ha e l bee ided b he libe al i e a i al de he e libe al a e d ee i e a g he e , e a ed a d able ake ea e , a did he U i ed S a e f l-
l i g W ld Wa II, ai ec icall a d li icall he f - da i f libe al cie be d i b de . The ea e ch a he B i i h L a , he Ma hall Pla , NATO, GATT, he IMF, a d he libe ali-
35. Ka l P la i, The G ea T a f a i (B : Beac P e , I944), cha . I-2, a d Sa el H i g a d Z. B e i ki, P li ical P e : USA/USSR (Ne Y k: Viki g P e , I963, I964), cha . 9. A d ee Richa d Ne ad , Allia ce P li ic (Ne Y k: C - l bia U i e i P e , 1970) f a de ailed ca e d f i e libe al li ic .
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233 Ka , Libe al Legacie
a d F eig Affai
a i f Ge a a d Ja a hel ed c c b e e f he i e - a i al libe al de .36
Th , he decli e f U.S. hege ic leade hi a e da ge f he libe al ld. Thi da ge i ha da ' libe al a e ill e i hei ec ic c e i i i al i a , b ha he cie ie f
he libe al ld ill l ge be able ide he al a i a ce he igh e i e ai libe al d e ic de i he face f - i g ec ic c i e .
The e da ge c e f di ec i : ili a a d ec ic. Thei
c bi a i i a ic la l h ea e i g. O e i he c i i g a e f defe e, i h he U i ed S a e (i ela i i GNP) bea i g a d e i f he c b de . Ye i de e de a d e b-
a ial E ea a d Ja a e e defe e e abli h e e ble f libe al c e a i . Mili a de e de ce he U i ed S a e ha
bee e f he addi i al b d hel f l i a f i g a libe al eace i a libe al allia ce. Re i g i , i h c ea i g a l ila e all di- ec ed a d f ded ga i a i a g he libe al i d ial de c acie , h ea e l e a i a b d. Ec ic i abili ie c ld ake
hi ab e ce f a l ila e al ec i b d a ic la l da ge b
e cala i g diffe e ce i h ili . If d e ic ec ic c lla e he a e f he gl bal aga i f de e i i he I930S e e e cc , he d e ic li ical f da i f libe ali c ld fall. O , if i e a i al ec ic i al e e c i e i c ea e, he c -
e e a e eake ec ic i e de e de ce (e abli hi g cl ed ade a d c e c bl c ) ld b eak a i a ce f libe al
acc da i .37 The e da ge ld bec e e ig ifica if i -
de e de a d b a ial ili a f ce e e e abli hed. If libe al a - i f he eed c e a e a d acc da e di a ea , c -
ie igh fall e a c i e i al ha de he acific i .
Ye libe al a ha e e ca ed f he i gle, g ea e , adi i al
da ge f i e a i al cha ge- he a i i be ee hege ic lead- e . Whe e g ea e begi l e i ee i e ce a d li i
36. Cha le Ki dlebe ge , The W ld i De e i (Be kele : U i e i f Calif ia P e , 1973); R be Gil i , U.S. P e a d he M l i a i al C a i (Ne Y k: Ba ic B k , 1975); a d F ed Hi ch a d Michael D le, "P li ici a i i he W ld Ec " i Hi ch, D le a d Ed a d M e, Al e a i e M e a Di de (Ne Y k: C cil F eig Rela i /McG a -Hill, 1977).
37. R be Gil i , "Th ee M del f he F e," I e a i al O ga i a i 29, . i (Wi e 1975).
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234 Phil h & P blic Affai
e e e ali , a a like e l i f he i e a i al ecki g de
bec e e ce i all likel . Ne e challe ge ld e ige, e ce -
i e c i e face e de a d ; S a a fel c elled a ack
A he , F a ce a ed S ai , E gla d a d H lla d f gh i h F a ce
(a d i h each he ), a d Ge a a d E gla d ggled f he a -
e f E e i W ld Wa I. B he e libe al a agai be a e ce -
i , f de i e he fac ha he U i ed S a e c i ed B i ai g ea -
e challe ge al g all he di e i ce al he B i i h a i i e
hege , B i ai a d he U i ed S a e acc da ed hei diffe -
e ce .38 Af e he defea f Ge a , B i ai e e all , h gh i h-
eg e , acce ed i e lace e b he U i ed S a e a he c -
e cial a d a i i e hege f he libe al ld. The i e f a
eaceable a i i h a be e f he fac hel i g de a e
ec ic a d li ical i al ie a g E e, Ja a , a d he U i ed S a e .
C e e l , he a el i h libe al allie ha bede iled he Ca e
a d Reaga Ad i i a i h ld be a ib ed lel he e -
al eak e e f he e ide hei ec e a ie f a e. Nei- he h ld he be a ib ed i le fail e f ad i i a i e c -
di a i he idi c acie f A e ica allie . The e a e he al ki g f a libe al allia ce f i de e de e blic . The e i i -
dica i ha he i l e a di l i f he acific i ; b he e i e e i dica i ha , f ll i g he decli e i A e ica e de a ce,
libe al a e ill be able d li le ee abli h he i h ld he
i e a i al ec ic i e de e de ce ha bi d he di l e a d
h ld he d e ic, libe al f da i f i ce al e be c lla e. B h ld he e e blica f da i a d c e cial ce f i -
38. Ge ge Li ka ide ifie hi eacef l, hege ic a i i a e ce i al i Q e f E ilib i : A e ica a d he Bala ce f P e La d a d Sea (Bal i e, MD: The J h H ki U i e i P e , 1977), cha . 4, . 75. Wil ' eeche , i cl di g hi "Wa Me age," gge he i a ce f ide l gical fac i e lai i g hi a i i : "Ne ali i l ge fea ible de i able he e he eace f he ld i i l ed a d he f eed f i e le , a d he e ace ha eace a d f eed lie i he e i e ce
[e ha i lied] f a c a ic g e e backed b ga i ed f ce hich i c - lled h ll b hei ill, b he ifl f hei e le." Thi a i i f W d Wil , The Me age a d Pa e f W d Wil , ed. Albe Sha (Ne Y k: The Re ie f Re ie , 1924), . 378. R G eg i The O igi f A e ica I e e i i he Fi W ld Wa (Ne Y k: N , 1971) ffe a i e e a i al g he e li e , c bi i g c e cial, fi a cial, a egic, a d ide l gical fac i hi acc f he lic hich b gh he U i ed S a e a c lli i c e i h Ge a .
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235 Ka , Libe al Legacie a d F eig Affai
e de e de ce e ai fi , he he i e f libe al legacie a g libe al egi e i a c i i g eace, e e he he leade hi f he libe al ld cha ge ha d .
Whe i The S f Kili a ja , J lia (F. Sc Fi ge ald) ell hi f ie d (He i g a ), "The e ich a e diffe e f a d e," hi f ie d e lie , "Ye , he ha e e e ." B he libe al a e f da e all diffe e . I i j , a he Reali igh a g e, ha he ha e e le e ce , be e e ale. Thei c i -
i al c e ake he - eali icall --diffe e . The ha e e ab- li hed eace a g he el e . B he e fea e hich ake hei ela i fell libe al diffe f he a e f a ha all he a e i habi al ake hei ela i i h libe al diffe f he de , a egic calc la i ha Reali h e ill i f he f eig licie f a e i a i ec e ld. The e faili g a e he bjec f he ec d a f hi a icle.
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