Cyber Terrorism - Cyber Crime

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Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime

CHAPTER

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Marjie T. Britz

Terrorism and Organized Crime

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Learning Objectives

Fully understand the concept of terrorism.

Learn the impact of the Internet on terrorism and organized crime.

Develop a working knowledge of organized crime.

Gain insight into the future direction of organized crime.

Recognize and understand the contemporary characteristics of organized crime.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Defining Terrorism

From a governmental perspective, terrorism would involve:

All criminal acts directed against a State...to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or a group of persons or the general public. (League of Nations Convention, 1937)
Criminal acts intended...to provoke a state of terror...for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable... (UN Resolution Language, 1994)
The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat ... to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (U.S. Department of Defense, 2007)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Defining Terrorism

From an academic perspective, terrorism is:

An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action
Employed for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons
In contrast to assassination, the direct targets of violence are not the main targets
The immediate victims are generally chosen randomly or selectively from a target population, and serve as message generators
Threat- and violence-based communication processes are used to manipulate the main target, turning it into a target of terror, demands, or attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought

Schmid, Alex P. and Albert J. Jongman, et al. (1988). Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, DATA

Bases, Theories and Literature (2nd Ed.). North-Holland Publishing: Amsterdam.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Defining Terrorism

An attempt to communicate messages through the use of orchestrated violence.

Tsfati, Yariv and Weimann, Gabriel (2002). “www.terrorism.com: Terror on the Internet.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 25: 317–332.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism

Includes:
An act of violence
The victimization of innocents
Methodical or serial operations
Advance planning
Criminal character
Absence of moral restraints
Political demands
Attempts to garner attention
Performed for an audience
Unpredictability or unexpectedness
Intended to instill fear

Britz, Marjie T. (2013). “The Internet as a Tool for Terrorists: Implications for Physical and Virtual Worlds.” In Tom Holt (ed.)

Crime On-Line (2nd Ed). Carolina University Press: Charlotte.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism: Classification through Motivation

Can distinguish among acts of terror by the goals of those committing acts of violence:

Individual Terrorism can get overlooked due to its often lower impact, while eschewing group involvement; look at the Unabomber's crimes and his paranoid rants against technology.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism: Classification through Motivation

Political-Social Terrorism is often carried out by those with a political agenda, often to overthrow an existing government; if successful, they get called patriots, freedom-fighters, or heroes, as with the rebelling American colonists or Castro's 26th of July Movement.
Nationalist Terrorism can involve those with a social commonality or group identification and a collective perception of oppression, who persist with large memberships due to persecution, like the IRA, HAMAS, Hezbollah, or the ETA.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism: Classification through Motivation

Environmental Terrorists, also called ecoterrorists, are ideologicaly focused on conservation of natural resources and animal rights; for example, the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF).

State-Sponsored Terrorism consists of governments committing acts of terror against their own citizens, such as in Nazi Germany or those that support or commit acts of terror against other governments, like North Korea.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism: Classification through Motivation

Religious Terrorism is perhaps the most virulent, dangerous and persistent, due to a basis in religious zealotry, among a continuum of religious organizations, including Christian, Judaic, and Islamic, among others.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Roots of Contemporary Terrorism

There are many historical examples of terrorism, from the assassination of Julius Caesar to tyrannicide committed in Renaissance Italy, Spain, and in France during the Age of Absolutism.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism as a Stage

Preplanning
Script preparation (goals identified)
Cast selection (who commits the acts)
Set creation (where will this take place)
Prop development (could include means to accomplish goals)
Dress rehearsal (to ensure success)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism as a Stage

Promotion
Identification of target audience (often Western media)(often more important than actual victims)
Selection of appropriate media outlets and placement of public relations personnel, since emotional, psychological repercussions are paramount

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Cyberterrorism as a Concept

Instead of a display of physical catastrophe or suffering, like other forms of terrorism, may instead emphasize communication, requiring:
A transmitter (the terrorist)
A recipient (an audience, who typically are not the victims)
A message (often ideological)
A reaction (the desired impact)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terror Online

Propaganda, information dissemination, recruiting and fundraising

Categories for justification of committing acts of terror include that they:
Are victims and had “no choice” but to commit these acts.
Vilify their opponent, who has hurt the powerless.
Have a weakness that makes this the only feasible option.
May employ peaceful, nonviolent rhetoric to achieve a settlement.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terror Online

Training
Started using web-based training like legitimate organizations, which is cheaper
Still use films, training documents, outlines, and checklists about topics like building a suicide vest, using surface-to-air missiles, and creating fraudulent identification

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terror Online

Research and Planning
Critical processes involving identifying, locating critical information like blueprints or "how to" manuals (i.e., bomb-making), as well as plotting steps to take

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terror Online

Communication
Especially with the Web, communication can be decentralized, cheaper, more reliable, and harder to detect
Can use electronic dead drops (storing messages in draft folders on computers with shared access), steganography (embedded messages), online social networking sites (like Google's Orkut), and encryption

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terror Online

Attack Mechanism
Cyberattacks attacks can come as quickly as the attack in Estonia, or more slowly, as when Stuxnet disabled Iranian centrifuges to produce weapons-grade uranium

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terror Online

Physical Critical Data

Infra-

structure

Compromise of

a critical system severely affects physical infrastructures

Compromise of

a critical computer system to alter, manipulate, or destroy critical data, with the potential for death, destruction, or economic turmoil

Power grids, water/sewer, dams, hospitals, GPS, air traffic systems, communication, energy pipelines

Social Security, Center for Disease Control, Department of Defense, etc.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism and Crime

Criminal Activities
Identity theft could lead to credit card fraud or generation of fraudulent documents, to generate revenue, and frustrate law enforcement's efforts at tracking down those planning on committing acts of terror.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism and Crime

Criminalizing Terrorist Acts
Before the September 11 attacks, terrorist acts usually consisted of murder, kidnapping, and hostage-taking.
Law enforcement has since expanded its scope of inquiry.
The Department of Homeland Security has taken lead on this.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism and Crime

Other Federal agencies have initiated efforts, such as:
Consular Lookout & Support System, State Department
TIPOFF Database (terrorist watch list), State Department
Violent Gang & Terrorist Organization (emphasis on organized crime), FBI
Border Inspection System, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Terrorism and Crime

Conclusions
As the Internet facilitates communication, it makes it easier those who would commit acts of terror to achieve their goals.
Decentralizing infrastructure, like energy production, may make societies less vulnerable, but tough in a society that demands greater efficiency and convenience.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime

Especially transnational Organized Crime (OC) may flourish in 21st century, in forms such as:
Trafficking in nuclear materials
Human smuggling
Identity theft
Online criminal activities
Transitional, developing nations may provide the greatest opportunities for organized crime.
Those engaging in organized crime are increasingly turning to technology for complex, more profitable crimes.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Defining Organized Crime

Often started from marginalized groups

Historical factors:
Arose often in times of economic hardship
Cultural emphasis on masculinity
Historical territorial rivalries
Advent of mass unemployment

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime

Early emphasis in this country on Italian organized crime, La Cosa Nostra.

Definitions have varied, sometimes to advance particular agendas as:
Focusing on institutionalized crime where criminal societies had systemized tasks and practices, unique traditions, and distinctive jargon. Chicago Crime Commission (1915)
Criminal syndicates developed because of Prohibition. Wickersham Commission (1929)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime

Investigating gambling, and finding ethnic communities housed criminal groups which used a sophisticated command hierarchy, creating an international conspiracy to traffick narcotics and contraband. Kefauver Committee (1950s)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime

Aiming again to stop Italian organized crime, relied on testimony of former gang member, Joe Valachi, who talked about rules, recruitment practices, organizational structure & illegal activities. McClellan Committee (1960s)
Broadly talking about organized crime: "A society that seeks to operate outside the control of the American people … It involves thousands of criminals, working within structures as large as those of any corporation.” President’s Commission on Law Enforcement (1967)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime

Looking at "The unlawful activities of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services including, but not limited to: gambling, prostitution, loan sharking, narcotics, labor racketeering, and other lawful activities." Omnibus Crime Control & Safe Streets Act (1968)

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime

Structure & hierarchy
Violence
Recognizability
Longevity
Recruitment
Innovative, entrepreneurial, and opportunistic
Exclusive membership
Strict rules and regulations

Ritualistic
Profitability
Corruption of political authorities
Racketeering and infiltration of legitimate business
Monopolistic
Criminal activity

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime vs. Cybergangs

A monopolistic, self-perpetuating, hierarchical organization willing to use violence and the corruption of public officials to engage in complex criminal enterprises, which ensures organizational longevity through ritualistic practices, rules and regulations, organizational tithing, and investment in legitimate industry.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Cybergangs/Cyber-Criminal Organizations

Groups of individuals brought together through the medium of the Internet which conspire and/or commit non-violent criminal acts facilitated by the exploitation of networked or interconnected systems.

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Organized Crime and Technology

Extortion
Cargo heists and armed robbery
Fraud, including bank fraud, ATM/credit card fraud, and stock fraud
Money laundering
The sex trade

Organized crime exploiting technological advancements to conduct traditional crimes, including:

Confidence scams, such as the Nigerian 419 letter
Fencing of stolen property
Data piracy and counterfeit goods
Human smuggling

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Confronting Contemporary Organized Crime

When confronting contemporary organized crime, consider:
The diversity among emerging groups, suggesting that more are involved
The economic motivation behind hacking, cyber-attacks by organized crime groups
Incorporating "know your customer" (KYC) requirements in banking to reduce fraud
That traditional hacking methods employed by organized crime groups are innovative
The convergence of transnational organized crime and terrorism

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

Confronting Contemporary Organized Crime

The benefits of global harmonization of regulation and the development of mutual legal assistance treaties, including banking/securities & guidelines for police action
Using bilateral and multilateral crime-fighting efforts
The devising of specific strategies for individual groups
Empowering local government responses through an increase in resources
Increasing educational efforts, accountability for e-banking vendors and companies

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

The Intersection of Organized Crime and Terrorism

Note their similarities:
Increasingly sophisticated
Employ similar methodologies
Use the web to engage in money laundering
Use the web for communication
Most common where there are minimal government controls, weak enforcement of law, and open borders
Exploit geographic locales far removed from control centers of government

Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, 3rd ed. Britz

The Intersection of Organized Crime and Terrorism

Also, traditional lines are blurred and collaboration is increasing.
Differences:
Organized crime is economically focused, where terrorist groups are ideological.
Terrorist groups plan on replacing the government, while organized crime wants to corrupt existing government.
Organized cirme wants to avoid publicity, whereas terrorist groups seek it out and thrive on it.
Terrorist groups indiscriminately seek victims, while organized crime tends to want to limit outsiders.