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The Evolution of Journalism
News and Journalism: News is how we see and interpret the world. Good news helps us learn and adapt to the world. Bad news tries to manipulate our views to the benefit of others. Look at the following video and evaluate this kind of news to see if does all of the following: informs you of a significant topic, provides you with an understanding of how big this problem is, and tells you specifically what you can do to resolve the problem. Today we look at the history and operations of news in the hope that you will be better able to analyze it and determine how to make it useful for you.
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I. The History of US News is the evolution of a medium from a small, local orientation to a broad-based production. It started with just newspapers and has expanded to radio, TV and online news sites. This has largely been accompanied by greater profits and less informative information.
A. The Colonial period journalism had the challenge of trying to get away from government control.
1. Newspapers were published with permission of the government. Any issues that displeased could result in serious penalties, such as Benjamin Franklin's brother being jailed in 1722 for a small commentary.
2. The John Peter Zenger case was in 1734 established the principle that truth was not libel. Powerful individuals could influence laws, and the press, to stifle reporting.
3. The essential purpose of newspapers was defined as reporting on 'occurances" in society and commenting on political events. This has remained to this day.
B. The Partisan period journalism had the challenge of how to deal with too much freedom. Once free from English control, newspapers were completely unregulated.
1. Partisan press were predominant. Most papers were started by individuals with a specific bias they followed in their reporting. This can be seen today in press focused on a specific audience.
2. Stories veered to invective, insult and inflammatory rhetoric so much that the US government passed the Alien and Sedition act in 1798 to try to control it.
C. The Penny period saw journalism emphasizing big circulation, more advertising and higher profit. Most of what we see in a newspaper today was set at this time.
1. Inverted pyramid news style was developed here.
a. Stories were designed for fast selection and skimming by audiences. They could choose what they wanted from a variety of shorter stories.
b. Stories had the main information in the first segment, or sentence, of the article. It then has progressively more detail about the subject later in the article.
2. Objective reporting style was developed here. Rather than insult or anger some of the audience, as obviously partisan press can do, newspapers used an 'objective' style that would be less offensive to large audiences.
a. An article being objective should use 2 sources, ideally from opposite sides of an argument, to demonstrate no clear bias by the reporter.
b. The reporter should not insert his personal opinion into the story, instead writing as if simply watching an issue unfold. Biased press pushes the reader into a defined interpretation of events.
3. Sensationalism style is writing to appeal to large audiences on a superficial level. This was first labeled with Yellow journalism and the yellow press, defined as presenting little or no legitimate well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggeration of news events, scandal-mongering and muck raking.
a. Topics were chosen that sold papers, not because they were important. This led to issues with distrust of papers after being misled by articles like Men in the Moon.
b. This issue came to a crisis point after the news battle between Pulitzer and Hearst caused the Spanish American War of 1898.
c. Sensationalism has remained in journalism because it sells papers. Every era since the 1800's has had this type of news.
i. Jazz journalism from the early 1900's focused on the most sensational stories and pictures available to stand out from the competition.
ii. Tabloid journalism today follows the same rules of getting readers by grabbing them on emotional levels. The manipulation is easy to see, even in headlines.
D. Current journalism has the challenges of keeping readers in a highly competitive media environment. It uses the popular elements of the past while meeting new expectations of today.
1. Surveillance is how wide and deep is news coverage. As we have a more global perspective then we expect news to cover more.
a. Most news segments reporting into distinct territories: local news, regional news, national news, international news.
b. Time is an important value in journalism. A reporter can focus on speed or depth in order to be competitive.
i. Internet news updates stories continually, promising the most current news to attract readers.
ii. Long-term stories promise more depth in a story to attract viewers.
2. Hard and Soft news. Reporting covers both areas to appeal to readers/viewers who want both information and entertainment in a serious format.
a. Hard news are the 'important' stories of the day, usually related to politics and the economy.
b. Soft news are stories of 'what happened' that also include human interest. These become stories that have emotional involvement as well as information.
3. Encoding strategies. With the ease of accessing competing sources of information and entertainment, some news have become competitive by returned to a partisan strategy.
a. Advocacy journalism. The removal of the Fairness Doctrine meant that journalism/media no longer had to give access to dissenting viewpoints. Many successful radio and tv programs have taken advantage of this to craft programs heavily biased towards one viewpoint.
i. Rush Limbaugh radio program was a very popular one with millions of listeners until 2015.
ii. The Daily Show was #1 among late night talk-show viewers 18-49 while on.
iii. Sinclair Broadcasting can force all of its stations to run propaganda that the corporate leadership believes.
Sinclair's script for stations
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b. Interpretive journalism. With so much information available people need a way to interpret it. Journalism that focuses on a specific area to guide users remains popular.
i. Financial news is continually popular with some audiences.
ii. Magazines that combine entertainment with explanation are still financially successful.
c. Citizen journalism. This recent development is very low cost by using submissions from users, rather than professionally-produced works.
i. User-news sites, such as Reddit, are great for skimming all areas of what is going on in the world, without limits.
ii. Wikinews is open to submissions from anyone at any level. This is appealing to many who want to know what average people find interesting.
4. Looks. As audiences left the more time-intensive journalism of newspapers, news magazines and detailed tv journalism then journalism followed the audience. There is a much higher use of pictures, graphics and design to be visually attractive, sometimes at the cost of being informative.
a. Anchors are often chosen for looks. Fox news, for example, prefers young females to attract older male viewers.
b. Websites are designed for an attractive look that usually leaves less room for news.
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