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Chapter 14

“To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil War

CREATED EQUAL A History of the United States

Combined Volume | Fifth Edition

Union Sgt. F. L. Baldwin

Sgt. F. L. Baldwin, a Union soldier, poses with an American flag as a backdrop. Black soldiers wore the Union uniform proudly. However, many of them received unequal pay compared to their white counterparts; white men received $13 a month, while black men received only $7. This form of discrimination was not overturned until late in the war. Despite these hardships and indignities, approximately 179,000 black soldiers served in the Union army.

Chicago History Museum [ICHi-22172]

Journal Prompt 14.1

As black men fought for freedom, what were the various meanings of the U.S. uniforms they wore?

Answer: For black soldiers, the Union uniform was a badge of honor. It symbolized their willingness to fight and die for the Union and to end slavery. While black soldiers suffered discrimination in the Union army, the uniform still suggested to many black soldiers their fundamental equality with whites. White abolitionists shared this view of blacks in uniform, but many northern whites were uncomfortable with the level of equality implied by black military service. Southern whites saw black Union soldiers as a direct challenge to their beliefs and an intolerable provocation.

Focus Questions (1 of 3)

14.1 Mobilization for War, 1861–1862

How did the North and South prepare for war, and how did those preparations reflect each side’s strategy for fighting—and winning—the war?

14.2 The Course of War, 1862–1864

What obstacles did the South face in defending its territory against northern invaders?

Focus Questions (2 of 3)

14.3 The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation

In what ways did black people, in the North and in the South, enslaved and free, shape the course of the fighting?

14.4 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863

How did developments on the battlefield affect politics in both the North and South?

Focus Questions (3 of 3)

14.5 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865

During the last months of the war, what factors contributed to the defeat of the Confederacy?

14.1 Mobilization for War, 1861–1862 (1 of 2)

The Secession Impulse

Preparing to Fight

Barriers to Southern Mobilization

Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy

Focus Question:

How did the North and South prepare for war, and how did those preparations reflect each side’s strategy for fighting—and winning—the war?

14.1 Mobilization for War, 1861–1862 (2 of 2)

Order of secession

December 20, 1860: South Carolina seceded

By February 1, 1861: six other states had seceded

February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America

Lecture Outline:

Order of secession

December 20, 1860: South Carolina seceded

By February 1, 1861: six other states had seceded

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

All states dependent on slave-based, staple-crop agriculture

February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America

New constitution

Modeled after the U.S. Constitution

Jefferson Davis elected president

Key Terms:

Confederate States of America: The would-be new nation formed in February 1861 by seven southern states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—in a bid for independence from the United States of America. By late spring 1861, the Confederacy also included Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

Map 14.1: Slavery in the United States, 1860

In the South, the areas of the greatest concentration of slaves were also the areas of greatest support for the Confederacy. During the war, the Appalachian mountain region and the upper Piedmont—the area between the mountains and the broad coastal plain—were home to people loyal to the Union and to people who became increasingly disaffected with Confederate policies as the war dragged on.

14.1.1 The Secession Impulse (1 of 2)

South was threatened by Lincoln

He did not support spread of slavery to the West

South expected more Brown-like attacks

Last-minute efforts at compromise

Crittenden Compromise

Peace conference

Lincoln’s appeal to South unsuccessful

Don’t take any drastic actions

Lecture Outline:

South was threatened by Lincoln

He did not support spread of slavery to the West

Could not pass executive order to stop slavery

Could pass out patronage jobs to expand the Republican base in the South

Could make Supreme Court appointments

Was elected despite support from only North and upper Midwest

South expected more Brown-like attacks

Last-minute efforts at compromise

Crittenden Compromise

Proposed constitutional amendments to stop restrictions on slavery

Defeated in Senate

Peace conference

Not all states attended

Congress rejected recommendations

Lincoln’s appeal to South unsuccessful

Don’t take any drastic actions

Key Terms:

secession: The process by which the southern states withdrew from the Union; white men in each of the eleven states that eventually joined the Confederacy elected delegates to a secession convention that decided the question of whether to remain in or leave the Union.

14.1.1 The Secession Impulse (2 of 2)

Leading Confederates spoke out

Alexander Stephens, vice president of Confederate States

Fort Sumter

Union fort located in southern territory

Confederates fired on fort

Southern Unionists

Supported Union

Lecture Outline:

Leading Confederates spoke out

Alexander Stephen, vice president of Confederate States

Speech

Founding fathers erroneously believed slavery would fade away

Wrong because races are not equal

Superior race should enslave weaker race: foundation of the Confederacy

Would preserve slavery and convince world that it was necessary

Fort Sumter

Union fort located in southern territory

Lincoln provided supplies but not troops

Confederates thought provocative

Confederates fired on fort

Confederate celebrated victory

Lincoln called for volunteers

Blockade of southern seaports

Called acts of northern aggression and led to upper South joining Confederacy

Capital of Confederacy moved to Richmond, Virginia

Southern Unionists

Supported Union

Did not believe in antislavery movement

Yeoman farmers

Border States remained in the Union

Map 14.2: The Secession of Southern States, 1860–1861

The southern states seceded from the Union in stages, beginning with South Carolina in December 1860. Founded on February 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America initially consisted of only that state and six Deep South states. The four Upper South states of Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina did not leave the Union until mid-April, when Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the civil rebellion. The slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union, but each of those states was bitterly divided between Unionists and Confederate sympathizers.

14.1.2 Preparing to Fight (1 of 3)

North and South faced similar challenges

Needed men to fight

Needed supplies

Military strategies

Lecture Outline:

North and South faced similar challenges

Needed men to fight

Needed supplies

Military strategies

14.1.2 Preparing to Fight (2 of 3)

South – supplies

Cotton stockpiles

Hogs and corn

South – strategy

Fight defensive war

Seasoned officers

3 million black people

Lecture Outline:

South – supplies

Cotton stockpiles

Could be used to gain foreign support

Hogs and corn

Could sustain whites and slaves

South – military strategy

Fight defensive war

Small units deployed around border

Seasoned officers

Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. Jackson

3 million black people

One-third of population

Assumed would do bidding of planters

14.1.2 Preparing to Fight (3 of 3)

North – supplies and troops

Industrial base

Population dwarfed that of the South

Controlled U.S. Navy and government resources

North – strategy

Defend territory from southern attack

Target Confederate leaders

Seal supply lines

Lecture Outline:

North – supplies and troops

Industrial base

90 percent of manufacturing capacity

Diversified economy: grains, textiles, to supply military

Three-quarters of railroad miles

To transport goods and troops

Population dwarfed that of the South

Controlled U.S. Navy and government resources

Could aid in troop deployment and communication

North – strategy

Defend territory from southern attack

Union supporters in South would support North

Political offensive to undermine Confederacy sympathizers

Lincoln appealed to slaveholders loyal to the Union

Target Confederate leaders

Seal supply lines

14.1.3 Barriers to Southern Mobilization

July 1861: southern victory at Bull Run

First encounter on the field of battle

North gave up idea of an easy win

South aimed to spread slavery to the West

Southern victories in western territory

Confederacy faces problems

Financial issues

Troops

Internal strife

Lecture Outline:

July 1861: southern victory at Bull Run

First encounter on the field of battle

Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname

Brief skirmish before Union troops retreated

Confederate strategy

Massing several forces from three generals

South decided to continue to defend territory while also going on defensive

North gave up idea of an easy win

Began to reorganize and fortify military

South aimed to spread slavery to the West

Southern victories in western territory

Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico

Troops plundered homesteads

Caused farmers and ranchers to switch allegiance to the Union

Confederacy faces problems

Financial issues

U.S. Navy blockade reduced trade revenue

Confederate bonds

Raising taxes

10 percent tax on farm produce

Treasury printed lots of money, causing decline of value

Troops

Resistance to volunteer army and impressment of slave labor

Conscription law

Exempted some workers: railroad employees, teachers, miners, druggists

Could buy substitutes for $300

Allowed wealthy men to avoid fighting

Internal strife

Policies favor wealthy

Military substitutes

20-slave law

Plantations with twenty or more slaves could petition to have one white man exempt from army service

Poorer counties felt impressment of slaves favored wealthier counties

Key Terms:

substitute: During war, a man paid to serve in combat in another man’s place.

20-slave law: Legislation passed by the Confederate Congress in October 1862 that exempted from military service one white man for every twenty slaves on a plantation.

14.1.4 Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy

Confederate alliance with Indians

Supplied weapons and defense against Union

Some were slaveholders

Warfare strategy not suited to Indians

Summer 1862: Some Cherokee and Creek joined Union forces

Immigrants and ethnic minorities in South

Judah Benjamin, Jewish lawyer: Confederate cabinet member

Immigrant military officers

Immigrant labor in South

Lecture Outline:

Confederate alliance with Indians

Supplied weapons and defense against Union

Some were slaveholders

Warfare strategy not suited to Indians

Summer 1862: Some Cherokee and Creek joined Union forces

Immigrants and ethnic minorities in South

Judah Benjamin, Jewish lawyer: Confederate cabinet member

Also trusted advisor to Jefferson Davis

Immigrant military officers

Immigrant labor in South

Not dependable or particularly supportive of Confederate cause

Demanded higher wages

Threatened to run away to Union to get more money

Enslaved Workers, City Point, Virginia

These slaves are unloading ships at City Point, Virginia. Field hands impressed to work in Confederate factories, on wharves, and in mines experienced a new way of life off the plantation and out of the sight of their owners. The South’s need to mobilize for war challenged traditional rhetoric about black people’s abilities. The war forced southern whites to seek multiple ways to exploit blacks as workers.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-cwpb-01748]

Journal Prompt 14.2

How did the South’s need to mobilize for war challenge the core principles of slavery, which held that plantation discipline was at the heart of the institution?

Answer: The idea that blacks were best suited to plantation slavery was a fundamental principle of the southern slave system. Proponents of slavery described African Americans as childlike creatures who functioned best when under the direct control of a wise, but strict, paternal master. This principle was challenged by the necessities of war. Slaves who were impressed to work in factories, on wharves, and in mines demonstrated their ability to adapt to new work environments and to do so without a traditional “master” figure. By the end of the war, southern leaders were even contemplating enlisting blacks in the military, something that was unthinkable just four years earlier.

Interpreting History: John B. Spiece: A Virginia Slaveholder Objects to the Impressment of Slaves (1861)

How does John Spiece demonstrate his talents as a lawyer in this letter?

How does Spiece suggest that slave impressment might actually undermine the security of the Confederacy?

In what ways does Spiece’s reaction to slave impressment suggest changes in, or challenges to, southern planters’ ideology of paternalism?

14.2 The Course of War, 1862–1864 (1 of 2)

The Republicans’ War

The Ravages of War

The Emancipation Proclamation

Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy

Focus Question:

What obstacles did the South face in defending its territory against northern invaders?

14.2 The Course of War, 1862–1864 (2 of 2)

North had advantage over South

Union possessed more resources

Republicans dominated Congress

Some opposition to wartime policies

Lecture Outline:

North had advantage over South

Union possessed more resources

Republicans dominated Congress

Expanded federal programs affecting the economy, education, and land use

Some opposition to wartime policies

14.2.1 The Republicans’ War (1 of 2)

Trouble on the home front

April 1861: Writ of habeas corpus suspended

Conciliatory policy toward slaveholders

Wartime profiteers

Government actions

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Republicans promote economic growth

Lecture Outline:

Trouble on the home front

April 1861: Writ of habeas corpus suspended

Habeas corpus is supposed to protect the rights of people arrested

Can be jailed without being charged with a crime

Targeted people suspected of interfering with war mobilization

Democrats opposed, calling Lincoln a dictator

Conciliatory policy toward slaveholders

Frustrated abolitionists

Wartime profiteers

Rockefeller in the North

Switched to oil refinery business during the war

Was able to buy a substitute to serve in the army for him

“Enemies at Home” article in southern magazine

Criticized speculators who sold goods at exorbitant prices

Government actions

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Recruited physicians, trained nurses, raised money, solicited donations, and made Union camp inspections

White and black women served as nurses, cooks, laundresses in Union military hospitals

Dorothea Dix served as superintendent of nurses

Republicans promote economic growth

Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres of western land to settlers who lived on it and made improvements for five years

Morrill Act

Created a system of land-grant colleges

Many later became public universities

Pacific Railroad Act

Gave Union Pacific and Central Pacific land and lent them money to build railroads

Key Terms:

Homestead Act: Legislation passed in 1862 that granted 160 acres of land free to each settler who lived on and made improvements to government land for five years.

Morrill Act: Legislation passed by Republican Congress in 1862 to create a system of agricultural (land-grant) public colleges.

Pacific Railroad Act: Legislation that granted to the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads cash subsidies and a 400-foot right of way along the Platte River route of the Oregon Trail.

14.2.1 The Republicans’ War (2 of 2)

Rights of blacks

Republican indifference

Military strategy

Lecture Outline:

Rights of blacks

Republican indifference

Few saw the war as a fight to free slaves

Lincoln revoked Frémont’s directive

Would have allowed seizure of property and freeing of slaves owned by Confederates in Missouri

Feared the policy would alienate slaveholders who might switch to the Union side

Military strategy

Hoped to bisect the Confederacy

Cut off supplies and men heading west to east

General Grant captured forts on Tennessee and Cumberland rivers

First major Union victory of the war

New Orleans fell to Farragut

Returned runaway slaves in an attempt to retain loyalty of Unionist slaveholders

Policy not popular among some soldiers

Antietam, After the Battle

The bodies of soldiers lie where they fell on September 17, 1862, the single day that claimed the largest number of lives in the Civil War. Like many other battles of the war, Antietam was shaped by the physical features of the battlefield itself, with soldiers on both sides seeking cover in small groves of trees and behind rocks, road ruts, and fences made of stone and wood. Although Union troops outnumbered their Confederate opponents (87,000 men to 45,000), battlefield strategy on both sides played a large part in the outcome, to some extent compensating for the unequal number of combatants in the Union and southern armies. The number of Union soldiers killed, wounded, missing, or captured was about 12,000; Confederates losses numbered about 11,000.

Journal Prompt 14.3

In what ways did battlefield tactics work to minimize the North’s overwhelming advantages in terms of men and matériel?

Answer: Civil War battles rarely took place on large open fields where the side with greater numbers had a clear advantage. Instead, they took place in uneven, sometimes wooded, terrain, dotted with fences, farmhouses, and other buildings. Under such circumstances, Confederate defenders had clear advantages and the Union’s superiority in numbers was largely neutralized.

14.2.2 The Ravages of War

Summer 1862

Runaway slaves

Confederacy persevered on battlefield

Campaigns against Indians

Santee Sioux rebellion in Minnesota

Apache and Navajo

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest day of the war

Lecture Outline:

Summer 1862

Runaway slaves

Movement of Union troops on eastern seaboard facilitated runaways

Confederacy persevered on battlefield

McClellan was turned back on the outskirts of Richmond

Lincoln lost confidence in the chief general

General John Pope faired little better when brought in from the West

Campaigns against Indians

Santee Sioux rebellion in Minnesota

500 whites killed before state militia stopped the rebellion

Apache and Navajo

General James H. Carleton forced them onto reservation

Colonel Kit Carson conducted campaign against Navajo

Burned hogans and seized crops and livestock

“Long Walk” to reservation similar to Cherokee Trail of Tears

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest day of the war

September 17, 1862

Maryland

Union victory

20,000 died

New weapons

Troops massed in old-style, close fighting

High rates of amputation and infections

14.2.3 The Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863

All slaves in Confederacy were freed

Slavery remained in some areas

Lincoln engaged in rhetoric

Copperheads

Democrats picked up strength in 1862 election

Opposed the war, called for peace

Lecture Outline:

Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863

All slaves in Confederacy were freed

Slavery remained in some areas

Border States and Union territories

Approximately 1 million black people excluded

Lincoln engaged in rhetoric

Linked freedom for all with end of slavery

Did not promote full citizenship rights for blacks

Copperheads

Democrats picked up strength in 1862 election

Opposed the war, called for peace

Working classes hurt by taxes

Growing casualties

Foreign trade hurt

Key Terms:

Emancipation Proclamation: An executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declaring that all slaves living in states or areas controlled by the Confederate States of America were now free. The proclamation did not affect the status of slaves in Union-held areas.

Kate Cumming, Nurse and Diarist

Kate Cumming of Mobile, Alabama, earned the gratitude of the Confederacy for her work as a hospital matron during the war. Before and during the Civil War, many people believed that respectable women should not work in hospitals. Physicians claimed that women were likely to faint at the sight of blood and that they were not strong enough to turn patients over in their beds. Yet, as the war progressed, more and more northern and southern women defied these stereotypes and served in hospitals as nurses, administrators, and comforters of the ill and dying. Noted Cumming soon after she first entered a hospital, “The foul air from this mass of human beings at first made me giddy and sick, but I soon got over it.” Still, in southern hospitals, soldiers and enslaved workers handled much of the direct patient care.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-42772

Journal Prompt 14.4

How did wartime necessity encourage some women to expand their traditional roles during the Civil War?

Answer: With so many men away fighting the war, women were forced to take on tasks traditionally assigned to men. For some women, this provided an opportunity to expand their horizons. In both the North and South, women served in hospitals as nurses and administrators. Southern women often found themselves fully in charge of farms and plantations. When conditions grew dire for the South in the final years of the war, women often took the lead in protesting government policies.

Emancipation Proclamation

President Lincoln released the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. In the last weeks of 1862, many abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass, feared that Lincoln would bow to pressure from conservatives in the North and break his promise to go forward with it. Soon after midnight on New Year’s Eve, Douglass and others were overjoyed to hear the news that the proclamation was official. This illustration, by political cartoonist Thomas Nast (1965), envisions a somewhat optimistic future for African Americans in the United States.

Journal Prompt 14.5

Given the Emancipation Proclamation’s limits (in terms of how many slaves were actually freed), why did Frederick Douglass term it a “moral bombshell” aimed at the Confederacy?

Answer: Despite its limitations, the Emancipation Proclamation made the Civil War a war to end slavery. By destroying slavery, the North would reaffirm its ideal of freedom for all. From the perspective of southern whites, the proclamation was a direct challenge to a labor system many saw as essential to their way of life. At the same time, the proclamation was a call to action for slaves. With the North now committed to ending slavery, it was incumbent on enslaved African Americans to do what they could to hasten victory.

14.2.4 Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy

Confederacy – resistance at sea

Privateers

Confederate ships

Confederate hopes for diplomacy

Trent Affair

England

Mexico

Lecture Outline:

Confederacy – resistance at sea

Privateers

Very profitable for smugglers

Confederate ships

Ironclad Merrimack

Sunk Union vessels and protected blockade runners

Confederate hopes for diplomacy

Trent Affair

Union captured two Confederate diplomats

James Mason and John Slidell

Trying to gain diplomatic recognition

Were released by Union

Lincoln gained British praise for moderate response

England

Textile needs

England had prewar stockpiles

Sought out new sources in Egypt

English workers did not want to recognize slaveholders’ nation

Mexico

Remained ally of United States

Shared Writing Abraham Lincoln

Why do many historians consider Abraham Lincoln to be the country’s greatest president? Would Americans who lived during the Civil War have agreed?

To find evidence useful in framing a response to these questions, skim sections 14.1 and 14.2 to get a sense of all plausibly relevant pieces of information.

Answer: Abraham Lincoln was confronted with the greatest crisis in the nation’s history, a civil war fought over the issue of slavery. His success in guiding the North to victory in battle, preserving the Union, and ending slavery in the face of enormous challenges has earned him an unmatched reputation. For Americans living during the Civil War, however, Lincoln’s record was less clear-cut. Most southern whites saw Lincoln as a tyrant and a warmonger. Many white northern Democrats saw him as an enemy of liberty who was wiling to sacrifice whites’ lives by the thousands to aid members of what they saw as an inferior race. Even Lincoln’s supporters held mixed views of the president. Northern blacks were critical of Lincoln’s views on slavery and equal rights. White Republicans grew weary of the war as it dragged on and its costs mounted, and some began to doubt Lincoln’s leadership abilities.

14.3 The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation (1 of 2)

Enemies Within the Confederacy

The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and South

Focus Question:

In what ways did black people, in the North and in the South, enslaved and free, shape the course of the fighting?

14.3 The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation (2 of 2)

African Americans perceived war as fight for freedom

Allied themselves with Union forces

Often took actions to be free

54th Massachusetts Infantry

All black soldiers

Lecture Outline:

African Americans perceived war as fight for freedom

Allied themselves with Union forces

Often took actions to be free

54th Massachusetts Infantry

All black soldiers

14.3.1 Enemies Within the Confederacy

Southern slaves took action for freedom

Some murdered masters

Some escaped behind Union lines

July 1862: Union’s Second Confiscation Act

Slaves of rebels “shall be forever free”

Military used them as manual labor

Lecture Outline:

Southern slaves took action for freedom

Some murdered masters

Whites began to question slave loyalty; rise of fear

Some escaped behind Union lines

Watched for opportunities to leave plantation

July 1862: Union’s Second Confiscation Act

Slaves of rebels “shall be forever free”

Military used them as manual laborers

Military turned away women, children, elderly, and disabled

Left at mercy of masters

14.3.2 The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and South

Northern blacks enlisted

Better life

Faced prejudice

Blacks outside the military

Little help given to find missing loved ones

Free black labor

First South Carolina Volunteers

Behind war-lines work

Lecture Outline:

Northern blacks enlisted

Better life

Learn to read and write

Felt satisfaction of contributing to fight against slavery

Faced prejudice

Each black killed in war = one white soldier that did not die

Denied opportunities to advance

Paid less than white soldiers

Many barred from taking up arms

Relegated to manual labor

Blacks outside the military

Little help given to find missing loved ones

Free black labor

Used by northern missionaries and generals in Louisiana

Convert former slaves into staple crop wage workers

First South Carolina Volunteers

Behind war-lines work

Slaves in Flight

All over the South, black people watched and waited for opportunities to claim their own freedom. The movement of Union troops into an area often prompted slaves to flee from the plantation. Individuals and extended families sought safely behind Union lines or in nearby towns or cities, or began the quest for long-lost loved ones.

Journal Prompt 14.6

What were some of the factors that blacks, as individuals and as family members, considered in deciding whether to stay on, or flee from, a plantation?

Answer: As was the case before the war, the decision to run away rested on many factors. How would running away affect family members? What was the probability of success? How close were the Union lines? Was it possible to help the Union cause without actually running away?

14.4 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863 (1 of 2)

Disaffection in the Confederacy

The Tide Turns Against the South

Civil Unrest in the North

The Desperate South

Focus Question:

How did developments on the battlefield affect politics in both the North and South?

14.4 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863 (2 of 2)

North changes strategy

Destroy southern armies

Deprive South of slave labor force

Lincoln faced difficulties

African American resentment of poor treatment

Northern whites opposed to war and military draft

Lecture Outline:

North changes strategy

Destroy southern armies

Deprive South of slave labor force

Lincoln faced difficulties

African American resentment of poor treatment

Northern whites opposed to war and military draft

Violence in the streets

14.4.1 Disaffection in the Confederacy

“Tranquil” South became a ravaged land

Southerners faced horrors of war

Some Southerners protested

Some women support war

Virginia’s Belle Boyd

Worked in Confederate bureaucracy

Took care of homes

Lecture Outline:

“Tranquil” South became a ravaged land

Southerners faced horrors of war

Assault on senses: gunpowder smell, sound of cannon fire, stench of death

Torn-up landscape

Some Southerners protested

Heroes of America

Loyalty to Union

Western North Carolina

“Free State of Jones [County]”

Raised troops for the North

Large desertion rates

Women protested “tax-in-kind”

Some Richmond women in armed protest for food

Some women support war

Virginia’s Belle Boyd

Spy for Confederate armies

Worked in Confederate bureaucracy

Took care of homes

14.4.2 The Tide Turns Against the South

Fall of 1862: Chancellorsville, Virginia

General McClellan replaced

Battle left Stonewall Jackson dead

Union victory at Gettysburg

High human cost

Three-day battle beginning July 1

Grant victorious at Vicksburg

Grant supreme commander of Union armies within one year

Lecture Outline:

Fall of 1862: Chancellorsville, Virginia

General McClellan replaced

General Burnside and then General Hooker

Battle left Stonewall Jackson dead

Mistakenly shot by own men

Union victory at Gettysburg

High human cost

Pitted 92,000 under General Meade against 76,000 under General Lee

23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate soldiers wounded or killed

Three-day battle beginning July 1

Grant victorious at Vicksburg

Grant supreme commander of Union armies within one year

Lincoln at Gettysburg

A photograph of President Lincoln at Gettysburg, a few hours before he delivered his famous speech to dedicate the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in that Pennsylvania town. (His face is toward the camera, near the top of the crowd, left of center.)

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-B8184-10454]

Journal Prompt 14.7

By the time Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address, had the Emancipation Proclamation changed the nature of the war?

Answer: The Emancipation Proclamation had a profound impact on the nature of the war. When the war began, Lincoln proclaimed his sole aim to be the preservation of the Union. Whether that occurred with slavery left intact or not was of no great concern to him. By the time Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address, his position had changed. The war was, in fact, a war to end slavery. Thus, when he noted in his speech that the nation was founded on the principle that “all men are created equal,” his words took on a new and deeper meaning.

14.4.2 Civil Unrest in the North

North facing unrest

High taxes, high prices, sacrifices of men sent to war

Military draft on July 1, 1863 = riots

Working class resentful

New York City draft riot

Lecture Outline:

North facing unrest

High taxes, high prices, sacrifices of men sent to war

Military draft on July 1, 1863 = riots

Working class resentful

Wealthy paid substitutes

Working class saw blacks as competitors

Against Irish immigrants

New York City draft riot

Burned Colored Orphan Asylum and mutilated victims

Federal troops extinguished the violence

Showed northern blacks that they were vulnerable to discrimination and violence

Blacks in military were paid less

Key Terms:

New York City draft riot: A July 1863 violent protest against the government passage of a military conscription law; whites attacked black men, women, and children and burned the city’s Colored Orphan Asylum.

14.4.4 The Desperate South

August 1863: Lawrence, Kansas

Quantrill slaughters 150

Shows South as desperate

Grant successful in Tennessee

France and England decided not to support Confederacy

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863

At dedication of national cemetery

Affirmed nation’s commitment

Lecture Outline:

August 1863: Lawrence, Kansas

Quantrill slaughters 150

Showed the South as desperate

Grant successful in Tennessee battles

France and England decide not to support Confederacy

Navy warships

Diplomatic recognition

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863

At dedication of national cemetery

Affirmed nation’s commitment

One of the great rhetorical pieces of American politics

Elevated war to a moral struggle against slavery

14.5 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865 (1 of 2)

“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians

“Father Abraham”

The Last Days of the Confederacy

Focus Question:

During the last months of the war, what factors contributed to the defeat of the Confederacy?

14.5 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865 (2 of 2)

The “hard war”

Union soldiers lived off the land

Confiscated livestock and supplies

Set the South afire

The goals

Harm morale

Isolate Confederacy

Lecture Outline:

The “hard war”

Union soldiers lived off the land

Confiscated livestock and supplies

Set the South afire

The goals

Harm morale

Isolate Confederacy

14.5.1 “Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians

Elements of total war

Confederate policies toward black soldiers

Union policies toward Indian insurgents

Lecture Outline:

Elements of total war

Confederate policies toward black soldiers

August 1864: General Nathan Bedford Forrest destroys Union Fort Pillow

Black soldiers surrendered

Systematically murdered

Conventions of war did not apply to African America soldiers

Union policies toward Indian insurgents

November 1864: Sand Creek Massacre

Colonel John Chivington and his men supposedly arrived for peaceful meeting

Massacred 125 to 160 people

Mostly women, children, and the elderly

Mutilated the bodies

Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne launched revenge raids

Leaders of the Cheyenne and the Arapaho

In September 1864, the Indian chiefs Black Kettle and White Antelope (front row, center), with other Cheyenne and Arapaho leaders, met with Colonel John M. Chivington at Camp Weld, Colorado. The purpose of the meeting was to secure a truce between the Indians and European Americans in the area. Two months later, Chivington attacked an encampment of these Indians on the banks of Sand Creek, about 100 miles southeast of Denver.

Bosse, Left Hand, White Wolf, Black Kettle, White Antelope, Bull Bear, Neva: Chiefs of Arapahoe, Sioux, Cheyenne and Kiowa tribes, c. 1860–68 (b/w photo), American Photographer (19th century)/Denver Public Library, Western History Collection/Bridgeman images

Journal Prompt 14.8

How did different groups of Indians respond to the Civil War and to the Republicans’ nationalistic efforts in general?

Answer: Most Indians tried to stay neutral, seeing the Civil War as a white man’s conflict. Some gave limited support to the Confederacy, concluding, perhaps, that the new nation would be inclined to greater generosity than was the federal government of the United States. Such alliances, however, were never very strong and had little impact on the war. Some northern officers took advantage of wartime conditions to attack isolated and vulnerable Indian populations.

14.5.2 “Father Abraham”

1864 election

Military victories helped Lincoln

Opponent McClellan lost soldiers’ support

Lincoln communicated well with average soldier

They remained loyal in war

Loyal with their votes

Lecture Outline:

1864 election

Military victories helped Lincoln

Opponent McClellan lost soldiers’ support

Former General

Democrats defeated by own “peace platform”

Lincoln communicated well with average soldier

They remained loyal in war

Loyal with their votes

Table 14.1: The Election of 1864

Candidate	Political Party	Popular Vote (%)	Electoral Vote
Abraham Lincoln	Republican	55.0	212*
George B. McClellan	Democratic	45.0	21

*Eleven secessionist states did not participate.

SOURCE: Historical Election Results, Electoral College, National Archives and Records Administration

14.5.3 The Last Days of the Confederacy

1864: Sherman’s march through the South

Lived off the land

Liberated Andersonville Prison

April 1865

Union victory in Petersburg, Virginia

April 3: Lincoln arrived in Richmond

April 9: Lee surrendered at Appomattox

April 14: Lincoln assassinated

Lecture Outline:

1864L Sherman’s march through the South

Lived off the land

Denied Confederates soldiers and civilians food and supplies

Liberated Andersonville Prison

Confederacy did not have enough supplies for troops or prisoners

Prisoners died of starvation, disease, and exposure

April 1865

Union victory in Petersburg, Virginia

Lee sent President Davis message that defeat was imminent

Davis and other whites fled the city of Richmond

April 3: Lincoln arrived in Richmond

April 9: Lee surrendered at Appomattox

April 14: Lincoln assassinated

Key Terms:

Andersonville Prison: A Georgia prisoner-of-war camp that held as many as 33,000 Union prisoners at one time. Commanded by Henry Wirz, the prison was infamous for the large number of northern soldiers who died there of starvation, disease, and exposure to the elements.

Map 14.3: Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864–1865

General William T. Sherman's famous march to the sea marked the final phase of the Union effort to divide and conquer the Confederacy. Sherman's men burned Atlanta’s military assets to the ground in September 1864. In late December, they made their triumphant entry into the city of Savannah. Sherman followed a policy of "hard war" in these final months of the war; he ordered his troops to seize from civilians any food and livestock they could use and to destroy everything else, whether rail lines, houses, or barns. White Southerners expressed outrage over these tactics. Still, Sherman never systematically attacked civilians, a characteristic of the Union’s “total war” against Native American peoples in the West.