Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

Jean Celicourt

5/31/23, 6:23 PM

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Question 4: Jean Celicourt

TB Surveillance collected information on reported cases of TB in the United States. 

Question one

The factors that might have contributed to the increase in TB cases include an increase in HIV/AIDS disease and lack of attention to the public health infrastructure required for treating TB. HIV weakens one’s immunity system making them more prone to TB. 

Question two

The group with the highest number of TB cases was 45–64-year-old males. This does not necessarily mean that 44-65-year-old males are at a greater risk of developing TB. The numbers provided in the table are counts. One would have to study the number of people in each group and determine the incidence rate to have an estimate of the risk of getting TB.

Question three

Incidence rates for 2000-2007

Year	Case rate per 100,000
2000	5.8
2001	5.6
2002	5.2
2003	5.1
2004	4.9
2005	4.8
2006	4.6
2007	4.4

The trend in incidence rates

The incidence rates of TB have been decreasing from 2000 to 2007. 

Question four

Age-specific incidence rates

Age	Incidence rate per 100,000
<5	2.3
<5	2.2
5-14	0.7
5-14	0.9
15-24	4.2
15-24	3.2
25-44	6.0
25-44	4.2
45-64	7.4
45-64	3.3
>65	9.4
>65	4.9

   Question 5

A-The group with the highest incidence rate of TB was males 65 years of age and older (9.4)/

B-This group had the highest incidence rate because it was immunocompromised. Many males aged 65 years and above might have gotten TB infections earlier weakening their immune systems. 

C-The answer for 5a is different from 2a since crude numbers cannot inform one about the risk of getting a particular disease. 

Question six

The table shows that TB incidence or case rates have been decreasing steadily. However, the case rate increased during the 80s and early 90s because of AIDS. Cases of TB started to decrease in the 90s. 

Question seven

TB mortality rate percent change= ((1.3-1.4)/1.4) ×100 %=-7.1 %

TB mortality rate percent change=7.1 %

Question eight

TB death rate percent change= ((0.9-1.3)/1.3) ×100 %=-30.8 %

TB death rate percent change=31 %

Question nine

The large difference between rates for the years might be due to the population change or treatment of disease. It could also be caused by a change in how the disease is classified. 

Question ten

The prevalence ratio of TB in the nursing home in July is 30 percent or 30/100. 30 percent of the residents have been exposed to TB. 

Question eleven

The tools used for assessing families and communities include questionnaires, pain scales such as the Numeric Rating System, Glasgow coma scale, standard vital sign flow charts and NIH Stroke Scale. Nurses provide health questionnaires to patients to help address exposure risks. 

Question twelve

Epidemiology is used to identify the causes of diseases and health outcomes in patients. It is the study of how often diseases occur and why they occur in communities. morbidity is the state of being unhealthy or symptomatic for a particular condition or disease. Mortality is the number of deaths that have been caused by a particular disease. Causation is a key concept in epidemiology because it entails the cause of a disease. 

 

REFERENCES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2008). Division of Tuberculosis Elimination 2007.  http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/surv/surv2007/default.htm   Accessed May 29, 2023

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2008). Trends in tuberculosis--United States, 2007.  MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,  57(11), 281-285.

 

 

 

 

 

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