MHS505 SLP Module 3

Evidence Analysis and Key Functions of Academic Writing

James Goggans

Trident University

Instructor: Dr. Maria Luque

MHS504 Scholarly Writing in the Health Sciences

1 May 2022

Part I

List of References

Alamin, S., Allahyari, T., Ghorbani, B., Sadeghitabar, A., & Karami, M. T. (2020). Failure in identity building as the main challenge of infertility: a qualitative study. Journal of reproduction & infertility, 21(1), 49.

Gipson, J. D., Bornstein, M. J., & Hindin, M. J. (2020). Infertility: a continually neglected component of sexual and reproductive health and rights. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(7), 505.

Gleason, J. L., Shenassa, E. D., & Thoma, M. E. (2019). Self-reported infertility, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional analysis among US women. Fertility and sterility, 111(1), 138-146.

Greil, A. L., Slauson-Blevins, K. S., Lowry, M. H., & McQuillan, J. (2020). Concerns about treatment for infertility in a probability-based sample of US women. Journal of reproductive and infant psychology, 38(1), 16-24.

Murugappan, G., Li, S., Alvero, R. J., Luke, B., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2021). Association between infertility and all-cause mortality: analysis of US claims data. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 225(1), 57-e1.

Öztürk, R., Bloom, T. L., Li, Y., & Bullock, L. F. (2021). Stress, stigma, violent experiences, and social support of us infertile women. Journal of reproductive and infant psychology, 39(2), 205-217.

Rangel, E. L., Castillo-Angeles, M., Easter, S. R., Atkinson, R. B., Gosain, A., Hu, Y. Y., ... & Kim, E. (2021). Incidence of infertility and pregnancy complications in US female surgeons. JAMA Surgery, 156(10), 905-915.

Sadecki, E., Weaver, A., Zhao, Y., Stewart, E. A., & Ainsworth, A. J. (2022). Fertility trends and comparisons in a historical cohort of US women with primary infertility. Reproductive health, 19(1), 1-11.

Schlegel, P. N., Sigman, M., Collura, B., De Jonge, C. J., Eisenberg, M. L., Lamb, D. J., ... & Zini, A. (2021). Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I. The Journal of Urology, 205(1), 36-43.

Part II: Functions of Academic Writing

Describing-Photosynthesis in Plants

Photosynthesis is a process that plants and other organisms undergo to produce food in the form of sugars from water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide.

There are four main steps involved in the process;

The first process is light absorption, which involves the chlorophylls attached to the proteins absorbing light. The light energy absorbed in this stage is used to remove electrons from electric donors, such as water to form oxygen. These electrons are then transferred to quinine, a primary electron acceptor.

The second step is electron transfer. At this stage, electrons are further transferred from the primary electron acceptor to the final acceptor, usually NAPD+. When the electrons are transferred through the membrane, the protons are pumped out of the membrane, leading to a proton gradient that occurs across that membrane (Evans & Clarke, 2019). The protons will then move to the stroma from the thylakoid lumen to generate ATP.

Lastly, carbon fixation involves the provision of energy by the NADP and ATP generated from the second step. The carbon fixation stage also involves the reduction of carbon into carbon sugar molecules by the electrons that drive photosynthesis. The first steps do not depend on light, therefore termed dark reactions.

Comparing and Contrasting: Breathing and Respiration

People confuse the terms respiration and breathing ad often refer to breathing as respiration and vice versa. However, the two processes are entirely different, though interrelated body processes. As interrelated but different processes, breathing and respiration share similarities and differences, as discussed in subsequent paragraphs.

The first similarity is that they both involve taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Another similarity is that both processes are important for survival, and when breathing or respiration comes to an end, the organism's life has also come to an end. It is also notable that breathing in provides the component required for respiration to take place: oxygen molecules, and breathing out involves getting rid of carbon dioxide produced through respiration.

As much as the terms may seem synonymous, they are significantly different in some ways. Breathing is a basic biological process of taking in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide and involves the windpipe, the nose, and the lungs. On the other hand, respiration is a chemical process that takes place in the cell, involving bringing oxygen to the lungs so that it is carried to the cells (Chu et al., 2022). When these cells break down glucose, they generate energy that the cells use for different body functions. In terms of process occurrence, breathing occurs in the lungs and involves the mouth, nose, and pharynx. Respiration, on its part, takes place in the cells.

The type of process may be voluntary or involuntary for the case of breathing, but respiration is always involuntary. For example, a person will breathe involuntarily during sleep, but one may breathe voluntarily as a relaxation technique during singing or speaking. Since respiration is a chemical process, it must be involuntary all the time (Li et al., 2020). There is no energy production in breathing as the process involves taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. On the other hand, respiration leads to energy production in the form of ATP. Lastly, whereas no enzymes s used during breathing, many enzymes are used during respiration.

References

Evans, J. R., & Clarke, V. C. (2019). The nitrogen cost of photosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(1), 7-15.

Chu, R., Li, R., Wang, C., & Ban, R. (2022). Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) by Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology.

Li, J., Long, Y., Yang, F., & Wang, X. (2020). Respiration‐driven triboelectric nanogenerators for biomedical applications. EcoMat, 2(3), e12045.