Week 2 -Discussion, Self-Care Plan, Summary and Refection

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CHAPTER TWO: CULTURALLY

EFFECTIVE HELPING

∗ Culture – “That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and capabilities acquired by a person as a member of society. It is a way of life of a group of people, the configuration of all the more or less stereotyped patterns of learned behavior which are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation” (Adler 1997).

What is Culture?

∗ Knowledge of one’s own cultural biases.

∗ Basic knowledge about a variety of cultures.

∗ Willingness and ability to use skills and techniques that better match the culture of the client in crisis.

∗ Experience in counseling and crisis intervention with clients of a different culture.

Four Attributes of Effective Multiculutral Crisis

Intervention (Kiselica, 1998)

∗ There is a universal measure of “normal” behavior.

∗ Individuals, rather than groups, are the foundation of all societies.

∗ Definitions of presenting problems are limited by professional disciplines.

∗ Western culture relies on abstract thinking.

∗ Independence is valued over dependence.

∗ Professional Counseling is better than natural support systems.

Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions

(Pederson, 1987)

∗ Linear causality is more accurate than circular causality.

∗ Individuals need to change to fit the system.

∗ The client’s history does not affect the current situation.

∗ Interventionists are aware of ALL of their biases.

ALL TEN ASSUPMPTIONS ARE FLAWED!

Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions Cont.

(Pederson, 1987)

∗ Universal vs. Focused ∗ Universal View examines racial and

ethnic minorities, as well as special populations.

∗ Focused View examines only “visible and racial ethnic minorities.”

∗ Etic vs. Emic ∗ Etic – one dimensional or linear lens ∗ Emic – gestalt or circular lens

Multicultural View of Crisis Intervention

∗ What is the client’s world view? ∗ Self-concept, sense of well-being,

emotional control, and relational and attributional styles

∗ Opposing Views ∗ Individualism vs. Collectivism ∗ High-Content vs. Low-Content ∗ High-Uncertainty vs. Low-Uncertainty

Worldviews

∗ Victims of a crisis base their ability to overcome the trauma by relying on their own set of cultural survival skills.

∗ May be significantly different from the cultural skills of the crisis worker.

∗ Not recognizing the client’s worldview may lead the crisis worker to make grievous errors in assessment and treatment of crisis intervention.

Multicultural perspectives in Crisis Intervention

Individualism Vs. Collectivism

Individualism ∗ Centralizes the personal

and peripheralizes the social group.

∗ Prefer low-context direct communication.

∗ Prefer a confrontation and arbitration approach to conflict resolution.

Collectivism ∗ Assumes that the

individual is simply a component of the larger social group.

∗ Prefer high-context indirect communication.

∗ Prefer an accommodation approach to conflict resolution.

High-Content Vs. Low-Content

High-Content

∗ Self-image and worth are defined in reference to a group.

∗ Information is expressed implicitly and non-verbally.

∗ May become embarrassed when talking directly about the crisis event.

Low-Content

∗ Self-image and worth are defined in individual terms.

∗ Information is expressed explicitly.

High-Uncertainty Vs. Low-Uncertainty

High-Uncertainty

∗ Abides by a broad range of rigid rules, regulations, and procedures that cover a multitude of situations.

Low-Uncertainty

∗ Abides by a more laid-back attitude of acceptance of the situation and gratitude for survival.

∗ What is your identity? ∗ Mother ∗ Wife ∗ Daughter ∗ Sister ∗ Friend ∗ Athlete ∗ Raised in a small

town

∗ Lives in an urban area

∗ Catholic ∗ Employee ∗ Musician ∗ Recovering

Alcoholic

∗ Alumni of Indiana University

∗ Member of Junior Auxiliary

Social Locations

∗ RESPECTFUL ∗ Religious/Spiritual ∗ Economic class ∗ Sexual identity ∗ Psychological development ∗ Ethnic/racial ∗ Chronological age ∗ Traumatic threats ∗ Family ∗ Unique physical issues ∗ Language/location of residence

Social Location Models

∗ ADDRESSING ∗ Age ∗ Development ∗ Disability ∗ Religion ∗ Ethnicity ∗ Social class ∗ Sexual orientation ∗ Indigenous heritage ∗ National orientation ∗ Gender

Social Location Models Cont.

For a complete list, include geographic location, living area (urban, suburban, rural), occupation, education,

∗ Ecology – the living environment in which the intervention occurs.

Social Locations Graph

∗ Lack of consensus on key terms. ∗ Ethnicity ∗ Race ∗ Ethnic and racial identity ∗ Culture

∗ Inaccurate assumption that current theories of counseling, psychotherapy, and crisis intervention are inherently biased and oppressive.

Shortcomings of a Multiculturalist Approach to

Crisis Intervention

∗ Much of the literature on multicultural competencies has not been peer reviewed or is not based on empirical research.

∗ False acceptance of the division between collectivist and individualist cultures.

Shortcomings Cont.

∗ Empathic

∗ Caring

∗ Demonstrates positive regard

∗ Advocates

∗ Genuine belief that humans are more alike than they are different

Characteristics of Effective Multicultural Counselors

∗ Do’s ∗ Examine and understand the client’s worldview. ∗ Use alternative roles that are appealing to the client. ∗ Assist the client in utilizing culturally indigenous

support systems. ∗ Take your time to fully triage the situation. ∗ If possible, normalize the reaction to a traumatic

event. ∗ Empower the client.

∗ Don’ts ∗ Impose personal values and expectations onto the

client. ∗ Stereotype the client, client behaviors, or culture. ∗ Force unimodal counseling approaches upon the

client. ∗ Interfere with long-held issues ingrained in the client.

Effective Strategies of Multicultural Crisis

Intervention

∗ Language Barriers ∗ Confidentiality ∗ Translators

∗ Family member vs. professional translator

∗ Religion/Spirituality ∗ often mistakenly avoided by the crisis

worker ∗ Religion, spirituality, and faith are often a

large part of the crisis response.

∗ Do NOT merely suggest the client consult with their religious/spiritual leader as a means to abdicate your responsibility as a crisis worker.

Obstacles to Effective Multicultural Crisis

Intervention

∗ Social Support System ∗ May not be used in a linear way. ∗ “Family” may not be limited to those living in the

house of the client. ∗ Using professional services may be taboo in some

cultures.

∗ Occupation ∗ Many crisis workers often mistakenly fail to

address this significant social location.

∗ Rural Geographic Locale ∗ Typically lack resources and do not have the

population to warrant federal aid. ∗ May be suspicious of professional service

workers from other communities.

Obstacles Cont.

∗ definition of “help” ∗ may differ between the crisis worker and the

client.

∗ Who’s turf is it? ∗ Cultural differences are exacerbated when

an “outsider” crisis worker enters the “turf” of the client.

∗ “Outsider” could mean from a different geographic region, state, county, or even town.

∗ Crisis workers need to be aware of the cultural subtleties.

More Obstacles

∗ Local leaders know the infrastructure of the community.

∗ Using local leaders may provide a model of cooperation for community members.

∗ Local leaders may have their own agendas rather than maintaining objectivity.

∗ Non-local crisis workers should not attempt to address social injustices ingrained in the community.

The Dilemma of Local Consultation

∗ People most likely to receive services are: ∗ YAVIS

∗ Young ∗ Attractive ∗ Verbal ∗ Intelligent ∗ Socially well connected

∗ People most likely NOT to receive services are:

∗ Low-income, elderly, limited-education, and ethnic minorities

Who Receives Services?

CHAPTER TWO:�CULTURALLY EFFECTIVE HELPING
What is Culture?
Four Attributes of Effective Multiculutral Crisis Intervention �(Kiselica, 1998)
Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions�(Pederson, 1987)
Ten Culturally Biased �Assumptions Cont.�(Pederson, 1987)
Multicultural View of �Crisis Intervention
Worldviews
Multicultural perspectives �in Crisis Intervention
Individualism Vs. Collectivism
High-Content Vs. Low-Content
High-Uncertainty Vs. �Low-Uncertainty
Social Locations
Social Location Models
Social Location Models Cont.
Social Locations Graph
Shortcomings of a Multiculturalist Approach to Crisis Intervention
Shortcomings Cont.
Characteristics of Effective Multicultural Counselors
Effective Strategies of �Multicultural Crisis Intervention
Obstacles to Effective Multicultural Crisis Intervention
Obstacles Cont.
More Obstacles
The Dilemma of Local Consultation
Who Receives Services?