Crisis Application Assignment 1

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CHAPTER TWO: CULTURALLY EFFECTIVE HELPING

Culture – “That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and capabilities acquired by a person as a member of society. It is a way of life of a group of people, the configuration of all the more or less stereotyped patterns of learned behavior which are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation” (Adler 1997).

What is Culture?

Knowledge of one’s own cultural biases.

Basic knowledge about a variety of cultures.

Willingness and ability to use skills and techniques that better match the culture of the client in crisis.

Experience in counseling and crisis intervention with clients of a different culture.

Four Attributes of Effective Multiculutral Crisis Intervention (Kiselica, 1998)

There is a universal measure of “normal” behavior.

Individuals, rather than groups, are the foundation of all societies.

Definitions of presenting problems are limited by professional disciplines.

Western culture relies on abstract thinking.

Independence is valued over dependence.

Professional Counseling is better than natural support systems.

Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions (1 of 2) (Pederson, 1987)

Linear causality is more accurate than circular causality.

Individuals need to change to fit the system.

The client’s history does not affect the current situation.

Interventionists are aware of ALL of their biases.

ALL TEN ASSUPMPTIONS ARE FLAWED!

Ten Culturally Biased Assumptions (2 of 2) (Pederson, 1987)

Universal vs. Focused

Universal View examines the commonalities among racial and ethnic groups, as well as special populations, and can exclude individual differences.

Focused View examines what individual cultural groups have in common and can reinforce stereotypes”

Etic vs. Emic

Etic – Objectively-identified by an outsider

Emic – A cultural gestalt identified by an insider

Multicultural View of Crisis Intervention

What is the client’s world view?

Self-concept, sense of well-being, emotional control, and relational and attributional styles

Opposing Views

Individualism vs. Collectivism

High-Context vs. Low-Context

High-Uncertainty vs. Low-Uncertainty

Worldviews

Victims of a crisis base their ability to overcome the trauma by relying on their own set of cultural survival skills.

May be significantly different from the cultural skills of the crisis worker.

Not recognizing the client’s worldview may lead the crisis worker to make grievous errors in assessment and treatment of crisis intervention.

Multicultural perspectives in Crisis Intervention

Individualism Vs. Collectivism

Individualism

Centralizes the personal and peripheralizes the social group.

Prefer low-context direct communication.

Prefer a confrontation and arbitration approach to conflict resolution.

Collectivism

Assumes that the individual is simply a component of the larger social group.

Prefer high-context indirect communication.

Prefer an accommodation approach to conflict resolution.

No difference regarding one’s “sense of family obligation.”

High-Context Vs. Low-Context

High-Context

Self-image and worth are defined in reference to a group.

Information is expressed implicitly and non-verbally.

May become embarrassed when talking directly about the crisis event.

Low-Context

Self-image and worth are defined in individual terms.

Information is expressed explicitly.

Does not like the use of stories, proverbs, metaphors, etc. as a method of communication.

Uncertainty Avoidance

High-Uncertainty Avoidance

Abides by a broad range of rigid rules, regulations, and procedures that cover a multitude of situations.

Low-Uncertainty Avoidance

Abides by a more laid-back attitude of acceptance of the situation and gratitude for survival.

“I’m alive, that’s all that matters, I’ll figure the rest out later.”

Mother

Wife

Daughter

Sister

Friend

Athlete

Raised in a small town

Lives in an urban area

Catholic

Employee

Musician

Recovering Alcoholic

Alumni of Indiana University

Member of Junior Auxiliary

Social Locations

What are the individual components of your identity?

ADDRESSING

Age

Development

Disability

Religion

Ethnicity

Social class

Sexual orientation

Indigenous heritage

National orientation

Gender

Social Location Models (1 of 2)

For a complete list, include geographic location, living area (urban, suburban, rural), occupation, education, and marital/partner status.

SAFETY

Stability

Affect

Friction

Environment

Temperament

Yearning

Social Location Models (2 of 2)

Ecology – the living environment in which the intervention occurs.

Social Locations Graph

Lack of consensus on key terms.

Ethnicity

Race

Ethnic and racial identity

Culture

assumption that current theories of counseling, psychotherapy, and crisis intervention are inherently biased and oppressive may be inaccurate.

Shortcomings of a Multiculturalist Approach to Crisis Intervention

Much of the literature on multicultural competencies has not been peer reviewed or is not based on empirical research.

False acceptance of the division between collectivist and individualist cultures.

Shortcomings

Empathic

Caring

Demonstrates positive regard

Advocates

Genuine belief that humans are more alike than they are different

Characteristics of Effective Multicultural Counselors

Do’s

Examine and understand the client’s worldview.

Use alternative roles that are appealing to the client.

Assist the client in utilizing culturally indigenous support systems.

Take your time to fully triage the situation.

If possible, normalize the reaction to a traumatic event.

Empower the client.

Don’ts

Impose personal values and expectations onto the client.

Stereotype the client, client behaviors, or culture.

Force unimodal counseling approaches upon the client.

Interfere with long-held issues ingrained in the client.

Effective Strategies of Multicultural Crisis Intervention

Language Barriers

Confidentiality

Translators

Family member vs. professional translator

Religion/Spirituality

often mistakenly avoided by the crisis worker

Religion, spirituality, and faith are often a large part of the crisis response.

Do NOT merely suggest the client consult with their religious/spiritual leader as a means to abdicate your responsibility as a crisis worker.

Obstacles to Effective Multicultural Crisis Intervention

Social Support System

May not be used in a linear way.

“Family” may not be limited to those living in the house of the client.

Using professional services may be taboo in some cultures.

Occupation

Many crisis workers often mistakenly fail to address this significant social location.

Rural Geographic Locale

Typically lack resources and do not have the population to warrant federal aid.

May be suspicious of professional service workers from other communities.

Obstacles

definition of “help”

may differ between the crisis worker and the client.

Who’s turf is it?

Cultural differences are exacerbated when an “outsider” crisis worker enters the “turf” of the client.

“Outsider” could mean from a different geographic region, state, county, or even town.

Crisis workers need to be aware of the cultural subtleties.

More Obstacles

Local leaders know the infrastructure of the community.

Using local leaders may provide a model of cooperation for community members.

Local leaders may have their own agendas rather than maintaining objectivity.

Non-local crisis workers should not attempt to address social injustices ingrained in the community.

The Dilemma of Local Consultation

People most likely to receive services are:

YAVIS

Young

Attractive

Verbal

Intelligent

Socially well connected

People most likely NOT to receive services are:

Low-income, elderly, limited-education, and ethnic minorities

Who Receives Services?