US Jails - Corrections

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics

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April 2019, NCJ 251774

Jail Inmates in 2017 Zhen Zeng, Ph.D., BJS Statistician

County and city jails in the United States reported a total confned population of 745,200 inmates at midyear 2017 (fgure 1). About 65% (482,000) of the confned inmates were awaiting court action on a current charge. Te remaining 35% (263,200) were sentenced or convicted ofenders awaiting sentencing. Te jail incarceration rate at midyear 2017 was 229 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, down from 259 per 100,000 at midyear 2007 and 237 per 100,000 at midyear 2012 (table 1).

Findings in this report are based on the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ), a nationally representative survey of county or city jail jurisdictions and regional jails in the country. Since 1982, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) has conducted the ASJ to track changes in the number and characteristics of local jail inmates nationwide, jail inmate turnover, jail capacity, and space usage by other authorities.

H I G H L I G H T S � County and city jails held 745,200 inmates

at midyear 2017, down from 780,200 at midyear 2007.

� The jail incarceration rate declined from 259 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents at midyear 2007 to 229 per 100,000 at midyear 2017, a 12% decrease.

� In 2017, males were incarcerated in jail at a rate (394 per 100,000 male U.S. residents) 5.7 times that of females (69 per 100,000 female U.S. residents).

� In 2017, jails reported 10.6 million admissions, a 19% decline from 2007.

� The estimated average time in jail in 2017 was 26 days.

FIGURE 1 Inmates confned in local jails at midyear, by conviction status, 2005–2017 Number 800,000

Jail inmates

600,000

Unconvicted 400,000

Convicted 200,000

0 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15 ’16 ’17

Note: Based on the number of inmates held on the last weekday in June. Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. In 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected counts of convicted and unconvicted inmates at year-end. Jails typically hold fewer inmates at year- end than at midyear. The 2015 and 2016 inmate populations were adjusted for seasonal variation and represent estimated midyear counts. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

� The total rated capacity of county and city jails was 915,100 beds at midyear 2017.

� An estimated 81% of jail beds were occupied in 2017, down from 95% in 2005.

� From 2005 to 2017, the jail incarceration rate for whites increased 12%, while the rate for blacks decreased 23%.

� The male incarceration rate dropped from 448 per 100,000 male residents in 2005 to 394 per 100,000 in 2017, a 12% drop.

� Jails employed 225,700 full-time staf at midyear 2017, and the inmate-to-correctional-ofcer ratio was 4.2 to 1.

TABLE 1 Inmates confned at midyear, average daily population, annual admissions, and incarceration rates, 2005–2017 Year Confned inmatesa ADPb Annual admissionsc Jail incarceration rated 2005 747,500 733,400 12,100,000 † 253 † 2006 765,800 † 755,300 12,200,000 † 256 † 2007 780,200 † 773,100 † 13,100,000 † 259 † 2008 785,500 † 776,600 † 13,600,000 † 258 † 2009 767,400 † 768,100 † 12,800,000 † 250 † 2010 748,700 748,600 12,900,000 † 242 † 2011 735,600 735,600 11,800,000 † 236 † 2012 744,500 737,400 11,600,000 † 237 † 2013 731,200 731,400 11,700,000 231 2014 744,600 739,000 11,400,000 † 234 2015 727,400 719,500 † 10,700,000 227 2016 740,700 731,300 10,600,000 229 2017* 745,200 745,600 10,600,000 229 Percent change

2007–2017 -4.5% -3.6% -19.1% -11.6% 2016–2017 0.6 1.9 0.0 -0.1

Note: Data are rounded to the nearest 100 for confned inmates and for average daily population (ADP) and to the nearest 100,000 for admissions. Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See appendix table 1 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aNumber of inmates held on the last weekday in June. bThe ADP is the sum of all inmates in jail each day for one year, divided by the number of days in the year. The ADP for 2015 and 2016 was calculated for the calendar year ending on December 31. The ADP for all other years was calculated for the 12-month period ending on June 30. cAnnual admissions in 2005 and 2007–2014 were estimated based on admissions during a one-week period in June. The 2006, 2015, and 2016 annual admissions were for the calendar year ending on December 31. The 2017 annual admissions were for the 12-month period ending on June 30, 2017. dNumber of confned inmates in local jails per 100,000 U.S. residents at midyear. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017; Census of Jail Inmates, 2005; Mortality in Correctional Institutions (formerly Deaths in Custody Reporting Program), 2006 (admissions only); and U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2018.

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Terms and defnitions Admissions—All persons booked into and housed in jail Jail incarceration rate—The number of inmates held in facilities by formal legal document and the authority of the custody of local jails, per 100,000 total U.S. residents. the courts or some other ofcial agency, including repeat Jail jurisdiction—County (parish in Louisiana) or ofenders booked on new charges and persons sentenced municipal government that administers one or more local to weekend programs and entering the facility for the frst jails and represents the entity responsible for managing time. They exclude inmates reentering the facility after an jail facilities under its authority. Most jail jurisdictions escape, work release, medical appointment or treatment consist of a single facility, but some have multiple facility appointment, and bail and court appearances. facilities or multiple facility operators. Average daily population (ADP)—The sum of inmates in Midyear population—The number of inmates held in jail each day for a year, divided by the number of days in custody on the last weekday in June. the year.

Percent of capacity occupied at midyear—The jail Estimated average time in jail—The ADP divided by the population at midyear, divided by the rated capacity. number of annual admissions, then multiplied by the

Rated capacity—The number of beds or inmates number of days in a year. assigned by a rating ofcial to a facility, excluding

Jail—Confnement facilities operated under the authority separate temporary holding areas. of a sherif, police chief, or city or county administrator.

Releases—Persons released after a period of confnement Facilities include jails, detention centers, city or county (e.g., sentence completion, bail or bond releases, other correctional centers, special jail facilities (such as medical or pre-trial releases, transfers to other jurisdictions, and treatment centers and pre-release centers), and temporary deaths). Releases include persons who have completed holding or lockup facilities that are part of the jail’s their weekend program and who are leaving the facility combined function. Jails are intended for adults but may for the last time. They exclude temporary discharges, hold juveniles before or after their cases are adjudicated. such as work release, medical appointment or treatment Inmates sentenced to jail facilities usually have a sentence center, court appearance, furlough, day reporting, and of one year or less. Jails— transfers to other facilities within the jail jurisdiction.

� receive individuals pending arraignment and hold Under jail supervision but not confned—All persons in them awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing community-based programs operated by a jail facility,

� re-admit probation, parole, and bail bond violators and which include electronic monitoring, house arrest, absconders community service, day reporting, and work programs.

They exclude persons on pre-trial release who are not in � temporarily detain juveniles pending their transfer to a community-based program run by the jail and persons juvenile authorities under supervision of probation, parole, or other agencies;

� hold mentally ill persons pending their movement to inmates on weekend programs; and inmates who appropriate mental health facilities participate in work release programs and return to the jail

� hold individuals for the military, protective custody, at night. contempt, and the courts as witnesses Weekly inmate turnover rate—The sum of weekly

admissions and releases, divided by the ADP. � release convicted inmates to the community on completion of sentence Year-end population—The number of inmates held in

custody on December 31. The year-end population is � transfer inmates to federal, state, or other authorities

typically smaller than the midyear population. � house inmates for federal, state, or other authorities

due to crowding of their facilities

� operate community-based programs as alternatives to incarceration.

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Male incarceration rate dropped 12% from 2005 to 2017

In 2017, males were incarcerated in jail at a rate (394 per 100,000 male U.S. residents) nearly six times that of females (69 per 100,000 female U.S. residents) (table 2). From 2005 to 2017, the male incarceration rate decreased by 12%, from 448 to 394 per 100,000 male residents, while the female incarceration rate grew by 10%, from 63 to 69 per 100,000 female residents.

In 2017, whites were incarcerated in jail at a rate of 187 per 100,000 white U.S. residents, up 12% from 167 in 2005. From 2005 to 2017, the incarceration rate of blacks declined 23%, from 803 to 616 per 100,000 black U.S. residents. As a result of those changes, the black-to-white incarceration ratio decreased from 4.8:1 to 3.3:1 from 2005 to 2017. Te Hispanic incarceration rate in 2017 was almost identical to that of whites. Te Asian incarceration rate was 11% as high as the overall incarceration rate.

Half of jail inmates were white and a third were black

While the jail incarceration rate has dropped in recent years, the inmate population has remained relatively stable. Te composition of the jail population, however, has changed with respect to sex, race, and Hispanic origin.

In 2005, the population of whites in local jails (331,000) exceeded that of blacks (290,500) by 14% (fgure 2, table 3). By 2017, whites (370,100) outnumbered blacks (250,100) by almost 50%. From 2005 to 2017, the percentage of the jail population that was white increased from 44% to 50%, while the percentage that was black decreased from 39% to 34% (table 4). Hispanics accounted for 15% of all jail inmates in 2017, the same as in 2005.

FIGURE 2 Jail population, by race/Hispanic origin, 2005–2017 Jail population 400,000

300,000

200,000

Non-Hispanic black

Non-Hispanic white

Hispanic 100,000

0 ’05 ’10 ’15 ’17

Note: Based on the number of inmates held on the last weekday in June. Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

TABLE 2 Jail incarceration rates, by sex and race/Hispanic origin, 2005 and 2010–2017 Demographic characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015a 2016a 2017* Totalb 253 † 242 † 236 † 237 † 231 233 226 229 229

Adultsc 334 † 315 † 307 † 308 † 299 302 292 295 295 Sexb

Male 448 † 431 † 419 † 418 † 404 405 394 398 394 Female 63 † 59 † 59 † 62 † 64 † 67 64 † 66 † 69

Race/Hispanic origin Whited 167 † 167 † 167 † 173 † 174 † 178 † 178 † 180 † 187 Blackd 803 † 745 † 721 † 709 † 668 † 667 † 640 633 616 Hispanic 263 † 235 † 219 † 212 † 199 † 200 † 184 196 † 185 American Indian/Alaska Natived 339 426 410 401 437 443 378 379 366 Asiand 40 † 31 † 32 † 30 † 28 32 † 30 † 30 † 26 Otherd,e 34 26 † 26 † 34 33 24 † 36 40 39

Note: Number of confned inmates in local jails per 100,000 U.S. residents (for total) or per 100,000 U.S. residents of a given demographic group, at midyear. Data are based on the inmate population confned on the last weekday in June. Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See appendix table 2 for standard errors. See appendix table 3 for denominators (U.S. resident population by sex and race/Hispanic origin) used for calculating incarceration rates. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aIn 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected demographic data on inmate population at year-end instead of midyear. Jails typically hold fewer inmates at year-end than at midyear. In calculating midyear jail incarceration rates, the 2015 and 2016 inmate populations were adjusted for seasonal variation. See Adjusting for seasonal variation in Methodology. bIncludes both adults and juveniles. cExcludes persons age 17 or younger. dExcludes persons of Hispanic/Latino origin (e.g., white refers to non-Hispanic whites and black refers to non-Hispanic blacks). eIncludes Native Hawaiians, Other Pacifc Islanders, and persons of two or more races. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2010–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

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TABLE 3 Number of confned inmates in local jails, by characteristics, 2005 and 2010–2017 Characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015a 2016a 2017*

Total 747,500 748,700 735,600 744,500 731,200 744,600 727,400 740,700 745,200 Sex

Male 653,000 † 656,400 † 642,300 645,900 628,900 635,500 623,600 633,100 631,500 Female 94,600 † 92,400 † 93,300 † 98,600 † 102,400 † 109,100 † 103,800 † 107,600 † 113,700

Adults 740,800 741,200 729,700 739,100 726,600 740,400 723,800 736,800 741,600 Male 646,800 † 649,300 † 636,900 640,900 624,700 631,600 620,300 629,700 628,200 Female 94,000 † 91,900 † 92,800 † 98,100 † 101,900 † 108,800 † 103,500 † 107,100 † 113,400

Juvenilesb 6,800 † 7,600 † 5,900 † 5,400 † 4,600 † 4,200 † 3,600 3,900 3,600 Held as adultc 5,800 † 5,600 † 4,600 † 4,600 † 3,500 3,700 † 3,200 3,200 3,200 Held as juvenile 1,000 † 1,900 † 1,400 † 900 † 1,100 † 500 † 400 700 † 300

Race/Hispanic origin Whited 331,000 † 331,600 † 329,400 † 341,100 † 344,900 † 352,800 † 351,600 † 356,100 † 370,100 Blackd 290,500 † 283,200 † 276,400 † 274,600 † 261,500 263,800 † 255,200 254,600 250,100 Hispanic 111,900 118,100 † 113,900 112,700 107,900 110,600 103,900 112,700 108,400 American Indian/

Alaska Natived 7,600 9,900 9,400 9,300 10,200 10,400 9,000 9,000 8,800 Asiand 4,900 4,400 4,800 4,700 4,500 5,400 † 5,200 5,200 † 4,800 Otherd,e 1,500 † 1,500 † 1,600 † 2,200 † 2,200 † 1,700 † 2,500 2,900 2,900

Conviction status Convicted 284,400 † 291,300 † 289,600 † 293,100 † 278,000 † 277,100 † 273,000 258,500 263,200 Unconvicted 463,200 † 457,400 † 446,000 † 451,400 † 453,200 † 467,500 454,400 † 482,100 482,000

Most serious type of ofense Felony ... ... ... ... ... ... 494,100 † 516,400 516,800 Misdemeanor ... ... ... ... ... ... 193,100 188,000 194,700 Otherf ... ... ... ... ... ... 40,200 † 36,300 33,600

Note: Data are based on the inmate population confned on the last weekday in June, unless specifed. Data are adjusted for non-response and rounded to the nearest 100. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See table 6 in Jail Inmates at Midyear 2009 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 230122, BJS web, June 2010) for data from 2006 to 2009. Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See appendix table 4 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. ...Not collected. aIn 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected demographic data on the inmate population at year-end instead of midyear. Jails typically hold fewer inmates at year-end than at midyear. The 2015 and 2016 inmate populations were adjusted for seasonal variation and represent estimated midyear counts. See Methodology for details on estimation procedures. bPersons age 17 or younger. cIncludes juveniles who were tried or awaiting trial as adults. dExcludes persons of Hispanic/Latino origin (e.g., white refers to non-Hispanic whites and black refers to non-Hispanic blacks). eIncludes Native Hawaiians, Other Pacifc Islanders, and persons of two or more races. fIncludes civil infractions and unknown ofenses. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2010–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

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From 2005 to 2017, the female jail population grew by 20%, while the male population experienced a small decline (3%). As a result, the percentage of the jail population that was female increased from 12.6% to 15.2%.

In 2017, an estimated 65% of all jail inmates were awaiting court action on a current charge, up from 62% in 2005. Seven in 10 inmates were held in jail for felony charges.

TABLE 4 Characteristics of confned inmates in local jails, 2005 and 2010–2017 Characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015a 2016a 2017* Sex

Male 87.3% † 87.7% † 87.3% † 86.8% † 86.0% † 85.3% † 85.7% † 85.5% † 84.7% Female 12.7 † 12.3 † 12.7 † 13.2 † 14.0 † 14.7 † 14.3 † 14.5 † 15.3

Adults 99.1% † 99.0% † 99.2% † 99.3% † 99.4% † 99.4% † 99.5% 99.5% 99.5% Male 86.5 † 86.7 † 86.6 † 86.1 † 85.4 † 84.8 † 85.3 † 85.0 † 84.3 Female 12.6 † 12.3 † 12.6 † 13.2 † 13.9 † 14.6 † 14.2 † 14.5 † 15.2

Juvenilesb 0.9% † 1.0% † 0.8% † 0.7% † 0.6% † 0.6% † 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Held as adultc 0.8 † 0.8 † 0.6 † 0.6 † 0.5 0.5 † 0.4 0.4 0.4 Held as juvenile 0.1 † 0.3 † 0.2 † 0.1 † 0.1 † 0.1 † 0.1 0.1 † --

Race/Hispanic origin Whited 44.3% † 44.3% † 44.8% † 45.8% † 47.2% † 47.4% † 48.3% † 48.1% † 49.7% Blackd 38.9 † 37.8 † 37.6 † 36.9 † 35.8 † 35.4 † 35.1 † 34.4 33.6 Hispanic 15.0 15.8 † 15.5 † 15.1 14.8 14.9 14.3 15.2 14.5 American Indian/

Alaska Natived 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 Asiand 0.7 † 0.6 † 0.7 0.6 0.6 † 0.7 0.7 † 0.7 † 0.6 Otherd,e 0.2 † 0.2 † 0.2 † 0.3 0.3 † 0.2 0.3 0.4 † 0.4

Conviction status Convicted 38.0% † 38.9% † 39.4% † 39.4% † 38.0% † 37.2% † 37.5% † 34.9% 35.3% Unconvicted 62.0 † 61.1 † 60.6 † 60.6 † 62.0 † 62.8 † 62.5 † 65.1 64.7

Most serious type of ofense Felony ... ... ... ... ... ... 67.8% † 69.7% 69.4% Misdemeanor ... ... ... ... ... ... 26.5 25.4 26.1 Otherf ... ... ... ... ... ... 5.5 † 4.9 4.5

Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Data for 2005, 2010–2014, and 2017 are based on the inmate population confned on the last weekday in June. See table 7 in Jail Inmates at Midyear 2009 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 230122, BJS web, June 2010) for data from 2006 to 2009. Results may be diferent from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See appendix table 5 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. --Less than 0.05%. ...Not collected. aBased on the inmate population confned on December 31. In 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected demographic data on inmate population at year-end instead of midyear. bPersons age 17 or younger. cJuveniles who were tried or awaiting trial as adults. dExcludes persons of Hispanic/Latino origin (e.g., white refers to non-Hispanic whites and black refers to non-Hispanic blacks). eIncludes Native Hawaiians, Other Pacifc Islanders, and persons of two or more races. fIncludes civil infractions and unknown ofenses. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2010–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

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The total rated capacity of jails was 915,100 beds Tere were more than 2,800 local jail jurisdictions in the United States in 2017 (table 5). Among these jurisdictions, roughly a third (34%) held fewer than 50 inmates on an average day. Tese smallest jails had a mean average daily

TABLE 5 Average daily jail population, by size of jurisdiction, 2017

Jail jurisdictions Total ADP* Jail jurisdiction size (ADP)* Number Percent Number Percent Mean ADP

Total 2,828 100% 745,600 100% 264 49 or fewer 972 34.4 21,600 2.9 22 50–99 516 18.3 35,500 4.8 69 100–249 677 24.0 111,300 14.9 164 250–499 305 10.8 109,200 14.6 358 500–999 205 7.2 144,500 19.4 705 1,000–2,499 121 4.3 173,700 23.3 1,431 2,500 or more 30 1.1 149,900 20.1 4,925 Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See appendix table 6 for standard errors. *The average daily population (ADP) is the sum of all inmates in jail each day for the 12-month period ending on June 30, divided by the number of days in the 12-month period. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2017.

TABLE 6 Jail capacity, midyear population, and percent of capacity occupied in local jails, 2005–2017

Year Jail capacitya Midyear populationb

Percent of capacity occupiedc

2005 787,000 † 747,500 95.0% † 2006 795,000 † 765,800 † 96.3 † 2007 810,500 † 780,200 † 96.3 † 2008 828,700 † 785,500 † 94.8 † 2009 849,900 † 767,400 † 90.3 † 2010 857,900 † 748,700 87.3 † 2011 870,400 † 735,600 84.5 † 2012 877,400 † 744,500 84.9 † 2013 872,900 † 731,200 83.8 † 2014 890,500 744,600 83.6 † 2015 901,400 727,400 80.7 2016 915,400 740,700 80.9 2017* 915,100 745,200 81.4 Note: Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See appendix table 7 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aMaximum number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating ofcial to a facility, excluding separate temporary holding areas. bThe number of inmates held on the last weekday in June. cThe midyear inmate population divided by the rated capacity. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

population (ADP) of 22 inmates. An estimated 151 jail jurisdictions had an ADP of 1,000 or more inmates. Tese large jails, representing just 5.3% of jail jurisdictions, held 43% of all jail inmates in 2017.

Te total rated capacity of local jails was 915,100 beds in 2017, up from 787,000 in 2005 (fgure 3; table 6). About 4 in 5 (81%) jail beds were occupied at midyear 2017, down from 95% in 2005. An estimated 20% of jail

FIGURE 3 Jail capacity, midyear population, and percent of capacity occupied in local jails, 2005–2017

Number Percent Percent of capacity occupieda 100 1,000,000

800,000 Jail capacityb

80

Midyear populationc

600,000 60

400,000 40

200,000 20

0 ’05 ’10 ’15 ’17

0

Note: Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See table 6 for estimates. aThe midyear inmate population divided by the rated capacity. bMaximum number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating ofcial to a facility, excluding separate temporary holding areas. cThe number of inmates held on the last weekday in June. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

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jurisdictions were operating at or above 100% of their rated capacity at midyear 2017 (table 7), down from 26% in 2005 (not shown). Among jail jurisdictions with an ADP between 250 and 499, the percentage of jail jurisdictions operating at or above rated capacity was 30%, in comparison to 19% of jail jurisdictions with an ADP of 1,000 to 2,499.

The estimated average time in jail was 26 days in 2017

In 2017, the overall weekly inmate turnover rate was 54%, and the estimated average time in jail was 26 days (table 8). Smaller jails had higher weekly inmate turnover rates and shorter lengths of stay than larger jails. On average, jails with an ADP of 2,500 or more held inmates about twice as long (34 days) as smaller jails with an ADP of less than 100 (15 days).

TABLE 7 Percent of jail capacity occupied, by size of jurisdiction, 2017

Percent of jail jurisdictions Jail jurisdiction size (ADP) Midyear populationa Rated capacityb

Percent of capacity occupied at midyearc

operating at more than 100% of rated capacity at midyear

Total 745,200 915,100 81.4% 20.0% 49 or fewer 21,300 36,300 58.7 † 11.0 50–99 36,400 49,900 72.8 26.6 100–249 109,000 128,100 85.1 † 22.6 250–499 111,400 127,600 87.3 † 30.4 † 500–999 144,100 178,100 80.9 † 22.7 † 1,000–2,499 174,400 203,500 85.7 † 19.0 2,500 or more* 148,800 191,600 77.6 17.1 Note: Jail jurisdiction size is based on the average daily population (ADP). Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See appendix table 8 for standard errors. *Comparison group. †Diference with comparison group is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aThe number of inmates held on the last weekday in June. bMaximum number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating ofcial to a facility, excluding separate temporary holding areas. cThe midyear population divided by the rated capacity. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2017.

TABLE 8 Inmate turnover rate and estimated average time in jail, by size of jurisdiction, 2017 Jail jurisdiction size (ADP)

Average daily populationa

Annual admissions

Weekly inmate turnover rateb

Estimated average time in jailc

Total 745,600 10,570,300 54.0% 25.7 days 49 or fewer 21,600 684,300 120.9 † 11.5 † 50–99 35,500 726,200 77.2 † 17.8 † 100–249 111,300 1,899,400 65.0 † 21.4 † 250–499 109,200 1,543,000 53.7 † 25.8 † 500–999 144,500 2,022,100 53.1 † 26.1 † 1,000–2,499 173,700 2,086,200 46.0 † 30.4 † 2,500 or more* 149,900 1,609,000 40.7 34.0 Note: Jail jurisdiction size is based on the average daily population (ADP). Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See appendix table 9 for standard errors. *Comparison group. †Diference with comparison group is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aThe sum of all inmates in jail each day for the 12-month period ending on June 30, divided by the number of days in the 12-month period. bThe sum of weekly admissions and releases, divided by the ADP. Weekly admissions and releases are calculated as the annual admissions and releases, divided by the number of weeks in the 12-month period. cThe ADP divided by the number of annual admissions, then multiplied by the number of days in a year. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2017.

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55,900 persons were supervised outside jail In addition to the confned jail population of 745,200 persons at midyear 2017, jail authorities supervised 55,900 persons in programs outside the jail, including weekend programs, electronic monitoring, home detention, day reporting, community service, alcohol or drug treatment programs, and other pre-trial and work programs (table 9). From 2008 to 2017, the number of persons supervised outside jail decreased 23%, from 72,900 to 55,900.

TABLE 9 Persons under jail supervision, by confnement status, 2006–2017

Year Total Held in jail Supervised outside of a jail facilitya

2006 826,000 † 765,800 † 60,200 2007 848,400 † 780,200 † 68,200 † 2008 858,400 † 785,500 † 72,900 † 2009 837,600 † 767,400 † 70,200 † 2010 809,400 748,700 60,600 2011 798,400 735,600 62,800 † 2012 808,600 744,500 64,100 † 2013 790,600 731,200 59,400 2014 808,100 744,600 63,500 † 2015b 782,300 727,400 54,900 2016b 794,900 740,700 54,200 2017* 801,100 745,200 55,900 Note: Based on the number of inmates supervised on the last weekday in June, unless specifed. Data are rounded to the nearest 100. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See appendix table 10 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aExcludes persons supervised by a probation or parole agency. Includes ofenders who serve their sentences of confnement on weekends only (i.e., Friday to Sunday); persons under electronic monitoring; persons in work release programs, work gangs, and other alternative work programs; and persons in drug, alcohol, mental health, and other medical treatment. bIn 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected the number of persons supervised outside of a jail facility on December 31. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017.

Local jail jurisdictions employed 225,700 full-time staf at midyear 2017 (table 10). Similar to in 2016, an estimated 4 in 5 (80%) jail employees in 2017 were correctional ofcers, including deputies, monitors, and other custody staf who spend more than half of their time with the incarcerated population. In 2017, an estimated 69% of correctional ofcers and 44% of other staf were male. Te inmate-to-correctional-ofcer ratio was 4.2:1 at midyear 2017.

TABLE 10 Staf employed in local jails, by sex, year-end 2016 and midyear 2017

Number Percent Job function 2016 2017* 2016 2017*

Total 226,300 225,700 100% 100% Correctional ofcersa 178,800 179,500 79.0% 79.5%

Male 124,300 123,200 54.9 54.6 Female 54,500 56,300 24.1 25.0

All other stafb 47,500 46,200 21.0% 20.5% Male 21,000 20,300 9.3 9.0 Female 26,500 25,900 11.7 11.5

Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Results may difer from previous reports in the series due to data updates from jails. See appendix table 11 for standard errors. *Comparison year. †Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. aIncludes deputies, monitors, and other custody staf who spend more than 50% of their time with the incarcerated population. bIncludes administrators, clerical and maintenance staf, educational staf, professional and technical staf, and other unspecifed staf who spend more than 50% of their time in the facility. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2016 and 2017.

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Methodology In years between the complete censuses of jails, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) conducts the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ) to estimate the number and characteristics of the jail population in the United States. Te ASJ is a nationally representative survey of all county or city jail jurisdictions and all regional jails in the country. Te combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont are not covered. Tese are included in BJS’s prison collection. However, Alaska’s 15 locally operated jails are covered.

A jail jurisdiction is a county (parish in Louisiana) or municipal government that administers one or more local jails and represents the entity responsible for managing jail facilities under its authority. Most jail jurisdictions consist of a single facility, but some have multiple facilities, or multiple facility operators, called reporting units. For example, four reporting units in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, represent a single jail jurisdiction. Te ASJ sample is drawn at the jurisdiction level. When a jail jurisdiction with multiple reporting units is sampled, data are collected from all reporting units within that jail jurisdiction.

Sampling design

Te ASJ uses a stratifed probability sampling design based on jail population data collected through the most recent Census of Jails (2013). Jails in the ASJ sample are surveyed annually until the next sample refresh. Te most recent sample refresh occurred in 2015. A sample of 876 jail jurisdictions was selected to represent the approximately 2,851 jail jurisdictions nationwide. In selecting the jails, all jurisdictions were grouped into 10 strata based on their average daily population (ADP) and presence of juveniles measured in the most recent Census of Jails. In 8 of the 10 strata, a random sample of jail jurisdictions was selected. Te remaining two strata were certainty strata, where all jurisdictions were selected with a probability of one. One certainty stratum consisted of all jails that were operated jointly by two or more jurisdictions (referred to as multi-jurisdictional jails). Te other certainty stratum consisted of all jail jurisdictions that—

� held juvenile inmates at the time of the 2013 Census of Jails and had an ADP of 500 or more inmates during the 12 months ending on December 31, 2013

� held only adult inmates and had an ADP of 750 or more

� were known to be operating in 2015 and not included in the 2013 Census of Jails

� were located in California.

Te ASJ sample includes all California jail jurisdictions. Tis sampling feature was introduced in 2013 in response to the enactment of California Assembly Bill (AB) 109 and AB 117, aimed to reduce the number of inmates housed in state prisons starting on October 1, 2011. Afer the enactment of these two laws, the jail population in California experienced an unusual increase that the rest of the United States did not experience. For this reason, the ASJ sampling design was modifed to include all California jail jurisdictions in a certainty (self- representing) stratum. (See Methodology in Jail Inmates at Midyear 2014, NCJ 248629, BJS web, June 2015.) Te inclusion of all California jail jurisdictions resulted in an additional 21 jurisdictions (California has 65 jurisdictions in total). Te sample also includes in the certainty stratum six new jail jurisdictions that were known to be operating in 2015 and were not represented in the sampling frame (2013 Census of Jails).

Response rate and non-response adjustment

ASJ data for 2017 were collected through a web-based survey. Te sample consisted of 871 active jail jurisdictions. Sixty jurisdictions did not respond to the survey. Te response rate was 93%.

Non-response weighting adjustment

Non-response weighting was implemented to account for unit non-response. Jurisdictions were grouped into weighting classes based on sampling stratum and the 2013 inmate population. Using a simple weighting class method, a non-response weighting adjustment factor was calculated within each weighting class h as—

𝑛𝑛ℎ ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑖 × 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖=1 𝐹𝐹ℎ = 𝑛𝑛ℎ ∑ × 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑖

where—

nh = number of jurisdictions sampled in weighting class h,

Whi = sampling weight for jurisdiction i in weighting class h,

JURISAhi = active status indicator for jurisdiction i in weighting class h (1 = active, 0 = out of scope), and

JURISRhi = response indicator of jurisdiction i in weighting class h (1 = respondent, 0 = non-respondent).

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Final weight

Te fnal weight FWhi for each jail jurisdiction is calculated as the product of the sampling weight, the weighting class adjustment within each weighting class, and the jurisdiction’s response factor.

FWhi = Whi × Fh × JURISRhi

Item non-response imputation

Item response rates ranged from 94% to 100%. For responding jail jurisdictions that were unable to provide some requested items, a weighted sequential hot- or cold-deck imputation procedure was used to impute values. Tis procedure, implemented using the SUDAAN sofware package, substitutes current-year respondent and prior-year (2015 and 2016 ASJ, cold-deck) data for missing values. Te donor for each missing item was randomly selected from within a set of similar jails, sorted by related previous-year population values. Te resulting imputed values are generally similar to the reported values of the previous year.

Adjusting for seasonal variation in jail population

Prior to 2015, the ASJ asked jails to report the total and detailed inmate counts on the last weekday in June (the midyear reference date). In 2015 and 2016, the

ASJ collected the total confned population at midyear but detailed inmate counts by characteristics (i.e., sex, race, Hispanic origin, age category, conviction status, and most serious type of ofense) on December 31 (the year-end reference date). Te 2017 ASJ reverted back to the midyear reference. Comparisons of year-end data with midyear data need to consider seasonal variations, as jails typically hold fewer inmates at year-end than at midyear.

To adjust for the seasonal variation, the numbers of jail inmates by characteristic from 2015 and 2016 year-end collections in table 3 were multiplied by the ratio of midyear confned population to year-end confned population of the corresponding year. Te standard errors for the 2015 and 2016 counts in appendix table 3 were similarly adjusted. Te seasonally adjusted jail populations were also used in the calculation of 2015 and 2016 jail incarceration rates in table 2.

Calculating weekly inmate turnover rates

Te weekly jail inmate turnover rate is the sum of the average weekly admissions and releases, divided by the ADP. Te inmate turnover rate is an indicator of the fuctuation of the jail population.

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APPENDIX TABLE 1 Standard errors for table 1: Inmates confned at midyear, average daily population, annual admissions, and incarceration rates, 2005–2017 Year Confned inmates Average daily population Annual admissions Jail incarceration rate 2005 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2006 3,552 3,230 ~ 1.2 2007 3,720 3,549 169,151 1.2 2008 4,016 3,883 272,916 1.3 2009 4,231 4,109 178,537 1.4 2010 5,430 5,359 233,704 1.8 2011  6,009 5,879 211,335 1.9 2012 7,684 7,769 188,549 2.4 2013 8,042 7,943 688,181 2.5 2014 8,382 8,430 205,287 2.6 2015 7,188 7,112 141,792 2.2 2016 5,943 5,788 138,605 1.8 2017 6,614 7,431 152,636 2.0 ~Not applicable. Data represent a complete enumeration based on the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017; Census of Jail Inmates, 2005; Mortality in Correctional Institutions (formerly Deaths in Custody Reporting Program), 2006 (for admissions only); and U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2018.

APPENDIX TABLE 2 Standard errors for table 2: Jail incarceration rates, by sex and race/Hispanic origin, 2005 and 2010–2017 Demographic characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total ~ 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.0

Adults ~ 2.3 2.5 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.6 Sex

Male ~ 3.2 3.4 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 Female ~ 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8

Race/Hispanic origin White ~ 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 Black ~ 8.4 8.9 11.9 12.4 11.9 8.9 9.1 9.8 Hispanic ~ 4.2 5.0 5.6 4.8 4.9 5.8 3.4 3.7 American Indian/Alaska Native ~ 44.3 40.7 37.5 40.0 39.4 38.2 35.7 33.2 Asian ~ 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 Other ~ 2.7 2.4 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.3 4.8 3.5

~Not applicable. Data represent a complete enumeration based on the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2010–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

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APPENDIX TABLE 3 U.S. resident population, by sex and race/Hispanic origin at midyear, 2005 and 2010–2017 Characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 295,843,000 309,466,000 311,656,000 313,930,000 316,418,000 319,023,000 321,177,000 323,141,000 325,218,000

Adultsa 222,082,000 235,113,000 237,718,000 240,169,000 242,773,000 245,381,000 247,509,000 249,469,000 251,616,000 Sex

Male 145,599,000 152,455,000 153,324,000 154,514,000 155,749,000 157,024,000 158,102,000 159,101,000 160,158,000 Female 150,245,000 157,010,000 158,332,000 159,416,000 160,669,000 161,998,000 163,075,000 164,040,000 165,059,000

Race/Hispanic origin Whiteb 198,119,000 198,765,000 197,546,000 197,713,000 197,842,000 197,928,000 197,992,000 197,903,000 197,733,000 Blackb 36,163,000 38,029,000 38,346,000 38,710,000 39,133,000 39,551,000 39,904,000 40,243,000 40,588,000 Hispanic 42,579,000 50,296,000 52,059,000 53,111,000 54,182,000 55,422,000 56,467,000 57,541,000 58,733,000 American Indian/

Alaska Nativeb 2,242,000 2,328,000 2,292,000 2,311,000 2,330,000 2,351,000 2,370,000 2,387,000 2,403,000 Asianb 12,291,000 14,382,000 15,066,000 15,548,000 16,200,000 16,832,000 17,309,000 17,745,000 18,250,000 Otherb,c 4,449,000 5,666,000 6,348,000 6,536,000 6,731,000 6,939,000 7,135,000 7,322,000 7,512,000

Note: The numbers of U.S. residents at midyear were interpolated from the U.S. Census Bureau's population projections for January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2018. Rounded to the nearest thousand. aIncludes persons ages 18 and older. bExcludes persons of Hispanic/Latino origin (e.g., white refers to non-Hispanic whites and black refers to non-Hispanic blacks). cIncludes Native Hawaiians, Other Pacifc Islanders, and persons of two or more races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States: January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2018.

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APPENDIX TABLE 4 Standard errors for table 3: Number of confned inmates in local jails, by characteristics, 2005 and 2010–2017 Characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total ~ 5,430 6,009 7,684 8,042 8,382 7,198 6,013 6,614 Sex

Male ~ 4,832 5,278 6,776 7,088 7,015 6,242 5,237 5,680 Female ~ 999 1,179 1,404 1,469 1,532 1,307 1,247 1,351

Adults ~ 5,400 6,004 7,655 8,049 8,004 7,187 5,971 6,569 Male ~ 4,794 5,241 6,685 7,025 6,961 6,230 5,197 5,635 Female ~ 994 1,177 1,398 1,467 1,531 1,306 1,247 1,349

Juveniles ~ 263 172 241 199 164 121 158 128 Held as adult ~ 246 151 230 143 158 117 118 127 Held as juvenile ~ 255 77 84 139 46 45 98 36

Race/Hispanic origin White ~ 3,589 3,764 4,370 4,574 4,605 4,192 4,361 4,629 Black ~ 3,194 3,418 4,608 4,860 4,712 3,548 3,680 3,987 Hispanic ~ 2,131 2,617 2,958 2,580 2,719 3,297 1,981 2,165 American Indian/Alaska Native ~ 1,031 933 866 932 926 906 853 798 Asian ~ 117 185 219 122 156 157 137 155 Other ~ 160 153 189 213 216 167 349 259

Conviction status Convicted ~ 3,292 3,521 3,750 3,619 4,156 4,937 3,458 3,568 Unconvicted ~ 4,515 4,819 5,918 6,740 5,691 4,731 5,690 5,792

Most serious type of ofense Felony ... ... ... ... ... ... 5,701 5,482 5,810 Misdemeanor ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,106 2,899 3,388 Other ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,822 1,361 1,774

...Not collected. ~Not applicable. Data present a complete enumeration based on the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2010–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

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APPENDIX TABLE 5 Standard errors for table 4: Characteristics of confned inmates in local jails, 2005 and 2010–2017 Characteristic 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Sex

Male ~ 0.10% 0.12% 0.13% 0.14% 0.15% 0.11% 0.12% 0.12% Female ~ 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.12

Adults ~ 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% Male ~ 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.12 Female ~ 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.12

Juveniles ~ 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% Held as adult ~ 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Held as juvenile ~ 0.03 0.01 0.01 -- 0.01 0.01 0.01 --

Race/Hispanic origin White ~ 0.41% 0.43% 0.52% 0.55% 0.51% 0.46% 0.42% 0.45% Black ~ 0.40 0.39 0.47 0.51 0.48 0.37 0.38 0.41 Hispanic ~ 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.25 0.27 American Indian/Alaska Native ~ 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.11 Asian ~ 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Other ~ 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.03

Conviction status Convicted ~ 0.41% 0.42% 0.47% 0.52% 0.48% 0.47% 0.45% 0.43% Unconvicted ~ 0.41 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43

Most serious type of ofense Felony ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.40% 0.39% 0.44% Misdemeanor ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.36 0.36 0.41 Other ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.24 0.18 0.23

--Less than 0.005%. ...Not collected. ~Not applicable. Data represent a complete enumeration based on the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2010–2017, and Census of Jail Inmates, 2005.

APPENDIX TABLE 6 Standard errors for table 5: Average daily jail population, by size of jurisdiction, 2017

Jail jurisdictions Total ADP Jail jurisdiction size (ADP) Number Percent Number Percent Mean ADP

Total -- ~ 7,431 ~ 2.6 49 or fewer 46.3 1.64% 2,099 0.28% 1.7 50–99 50.0 1.77 3,396 0.46 1.5 100–249 40.3 1.42 6,558 0.82 3.9 250–499 13.0 0.46 4,149 0.55 4.4 500–999 5.6 0.20 3,485 0.48 4.9 1,000–2,499 1.7 0.06 2,516 0.44 8.9 2,500 or more 1.1 0.04 5,935 0.69 94.4 --Less than 0.05%. ~Not applicable. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2017.

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APPENDIX TABLE 7 Standard errors for table 6: Jail capacity, midyear population, and percent of capacity occupied in local jails, 2005–2017

Year Jail capacity Midyear population

Percent of capacity occupied

2005 ~ ~ ~ 2006 4,741 3,552 0.41% 2007 5,056 3,720 0.45 2008 5,063 4,016 0.42 2009 6,460 4,231 0.45 2010 11,013 5,430 0.88 2011 11,776 6,009 0.88 2012 10,217 7,684 0.48 2013 13,198 8,042 0.49 2014 11,082 8,382 0.43 2015 9,518 7,188 0.41 2016 8,467 5,943 0.43 2017 9,217 6,614 0.48 ~Not applicable. Data represent a complete enumeration based on the 2005 Census of Jail Inmates. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017.

APPENDIX TABLE 8 Standard errors for table 7: Percent of jail capacity occupied, by size of jurisdiction, 2017

Percent of jail jurisdictions Jurisdiction size (ADP)

Midyear population

Rated capacity

Percent of capacity occupied at midyear

operating at more than 100% of rated capacity at midyear

Total 6,614 9,217 0.48% 2.04% 49 or fewer 2,278 3,520 4.23 4.08 50–99 3,607 5,224 3.69 6.05 100–249 5,340 6,566 1.75 3.45 250–499 4,277 5,119 1.25 3.00 500–999 3,559 4,328 0.66 1.55 1,000–2,499 2,535 3,187 0.50 0.82 2,500 or more 5,813 7,984 0.64 1.46 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2017.

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APPENDIX TABLE 9 Standard errors for table 8: Inmate turnover rate and estimated average time in jail, by size of jurisdiction, 2017

Jail jurisdiction size (ADP) Average daily population

Annual admissions

Weekly inmate turnover rate

Estimated average time in jail

Total 7,431 152,636 0.73% 0.35 days 49 or fewer 2,099 80,616 11.09 1.06 50–99 3,396 92,678 5.66 1.33 100–249 6,558 116,296 3.34 1.10 250–499 4,149 71,802 1.53 0.73 500–999 3,485 67,482 0.94 0.46 1,000–2,499 2,516 36,009 0.46 0.30 2,500 or more 5,935 61,973 0.62 0.53 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2017.

APPENDIX TABLE 10 Standard errors for table 9: Persons under jail supervision, by confnement status, 2006–2017

Supervised outside Year Total Held in jail of a jail facility 2006 3,783 3,552 1,151 2007 4,041 3,720 1,267 2008 4,732 4,016 2,327 2009 4,548 4,231 1,535 2010 5,897 5,430 1,960 2011 6,446 6,009 1,832 2012 8,438 7,684 2,418 2013 8,692 8,042 2,351 2014 9,248 8,382 2,707 2015 7,510 7,188 1,548 2016 6,543 5,943 1,868 2017 7,250 6,614 2,194 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2006–2017.

APPENDIX TABLE 11 Standard errors for table 10: Staf employed in local jails, by sex, year-end 2016 and midyear 2017

Number Percent Job function 2016 2017 2016 2017

Total 3,368 3,903 ~ ~ Correctional ofcers 2,881 3,408 0.38% 0.33%

Male 1,817 2,142 0.32 0.29 Female 1,238 1,445 0.30 0.32

All other staf 1,065 915 0.38% 0.33% Male 627 534 0.23 0.19 Female 535 498 0.21 0.21

~Not applicable. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2016 and 2017.

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Te Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal ofenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. Jefrey H. Anderson is the director.

Tis report was written by Zhen Zeng. Todd Minton and Stephanie Mueller verifed the report.

Eric Hendrixson and Jill Tomas edited the report. Pei Miller produced the report.

April 2019, NCJ 251774

NCJ 251774

Ofce of Justice Programs Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice

www.ojp.gov