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ITEC 630 MIDTERM EXAM

ITEC 630 MIDTERM EXAM SUMMER 2021

Name: Mahamadou Diallo

ITEC 630

Mahamadou Diallo

University of Maryland Global Campus

6/27/2021

Name: Mahamadou Diallo

QUESTION 1

The acquisition approach includes creating a new system from scratch. The new system being designed will contain features based on the user's interest or the person wishing to buy the system. Custom acquisition is more efficient than other approaches (Marcus, 2013). It takes advantage of the fact that it may employ current and updated technology to solve a company's challenges. With this, one may be creative in handling all the technological challenges and difficulties faced. One advantage of bespoke acquisition is that it improves an organization's technical abilities since one must engage with the system. This also makes organizational knowledge functional.

Packaged acquisition method includes buying an already-customized system. Most businesses choose this as buying a system already built and tested is considerably easier and efficient. Unlike other system acquisition techniques, packaged system acquisition approach permits system modification and manipulation to modify how specific aspects function to meet the organization's needs and wishes. For example, bespoke add-on software that communicates with the bundled application is a workaround and can be produced for particular purposes. However, businesses that embrace packaged system purchases must accept the system's capabilities as they allow for modification.

The outsourced system acquisition approach is the other market-common strategy. Acquisition strategy outsourced is outsourcing or engaging an external vendor to build and supply the system. Outsourcing businesses are usually called Application Service Providers (Ellis, 2014). One of the numerous advantages of an outsourced system purchase approach is its low entry cost and fast set-up time. However, when producing an outsourced system, the employer should speak with service providers to get the best out of the system since they must react to all their demands. An example of an outsourced system acquisition approach is when a company employs a service provider to run your applications but on your site. This strengthens the company by hiring a service provider specializing in your area of interest.

References

Ellis, R. (2014). Current cabled and cable-free seismic acquisition systems each have their own advantages and disadvantages–is it possible to combine the two? first break, 32(1).

Marcus, S. (Ed.). (2013). Automating knowledge acquisition for expert systems (Vol. 57). Springer Science & Business Media.

QUESTION TWO

Interactive methods can be categorized as interviewing, collaborative interaction design, and surveying people. Interviewing is an important method of data collection since it relies on firsthand information collection. From interviews, one can reveal so much information about one's opinions since it will be based on facts, feelings since the discussion can easily tell the surfaces of the interviewee more carefully by listening to them. One can also say to the organization's goals. When conducting an interview, one should conduct a background check on the area of interest. This can be done by reading background material, corporate newspapers, and the organization's website.

A variety of open-ended and closed-ended interview questions are asked over the course of the interview process. Questionnaires with open-ended responses allow the interviewee to reply to the questions in how they choose to respond to them. The major advantage of this sort of inquiry is that it puts the interviewee at ease, which allows them to react more confidently. When it comes to the closed-ended interview question, there is a limit to the number of replies that can be given. This is critical in the generation of accurate and trustworthy data that is simple to examine and interpret. The major advantage of this interview style is that it saves time and makes it simple to get straight to the subject.

JAD is a technique that allows the analyst to do requirements analysis and design the user interface while working with users in a group environment rather than individually. This includes the project team members who are committed to the JAD, an executive sponsor who will introduce and conclude the session, users who attempt to articulate the information, observers who provide analytical and technical advice, a scribe who will formally record everything that is done, and a session leader who is well-versed in communications skills.

The benefits of JAD are the rapid development of systems, and creative idea production is improved. With this, there is so much brainstorming, and this allows for creative idea production. It helps the users become involved in the early systems projects and treat their feedback seriously. However, JAD requires a lot of time for one to be available for all sessions. JAD sessions can be held offsite, comfortable surrounding with minimal distractions. One also has to be keen on the attendance and schedule the meeting where the participants can attend the conference (Kelly, 2013). One should not hold a session unless everyone can attend the sessions.

Before the interview, it is also essential to practice problem-solving skills. Because many people are participating in the project, the organization's members are geographically scattered. Closed-ended questions and open-ended questions are the two sorts of questions that may be found in questionnaires. When many alternatives are mutually exclusive, the options are usually presented directly below the question in closed-ended questions. Content analysis is the study of human speech that has been recorded. It studies written materials such as newspaper articles and editorials, among other things (Rind, 2013). Some of the acceptable subjects for content analysis include who says what, how they say it, to whom they say it, and with what they say it, among others. It explains how issues are defined. An example is the media house covers a certain point about a certain state.

With this, we can have coding, counting, and record keeping. Coding can be manifest versus latent content. An advantage of content analysis is the economy of time and money. It is also easy to repeat a portion of the study if necessary. It is also easier to redo if there is a problem. Analyzing existing statistics is another source of data. It can be either the main source of data or a supplemental source of data. Most of the time, data that exist does not cover the exact question. Therefore, reliability is often dependent on the quality of the statistics. One of the main advantages of this method is that it is cheap, and scholars can verify your findings if they want since data is available to multiple users.

References

Rind, A., Wang, T. D., Aigner, W., Miksch, S., Wongsuphasawat, K., Plaisant, C., & Shneiderman, B. (2013). Interactive information visualization to explore and query electronic health records. Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction, 5(3), 207-298.

Kelly, D., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2013). A systematic review of interactive information retrieval evaluation studies, 1967–2006. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(4), 745-770.

QUESTION THREE

Prototyping is the way to develop a system model. It quickly develops a functional model to test different parts of a design, show concepts or features and collect early feedback from users (Bødker, 2020). Prototyping is crucial since the issue area with stakeholders may be explored. Furthermore, the solution space may be explored in a system where the prospective basis for further system development is accessible.

References

Bødker, S., & Grønbæk, K. (2020). Design in action: From prototyping by demonstration to cooperative prototyping. In Design at work (pp. 197-218). CRC Press.

They have reduced time and cost. When possible, changes are likely to occur in the system, changes are made early in the project; therefore, less time is wasted, and a more developed product will be produced at the end (Martelli, 2016). With this, the quality of the specifications and the requirements provided by the customer are met. Therefore, mistakes cost you less at the prototyping stage than at the development stage.

Improved and increased user involvement. For example, if the end-users are involved in the design and creation stages, the end product will be based on their specifications; this makes it easier for the end-user to want the system.

Provides functionalities and interaction. A user may offer helpful input while developing prototype. A prototype may be created in weeks. As answers emerge, consumers feel more positive about process and outcomes. Additionally, prototyping can detect mistakes and omissions.

References

Martelli, N., Serrano, C., van den Brink, H., Pineau, J., Prognon, P., Borget, I., & El Batti, S. (2016). Advantages and disadvantages of 3-dimensional printing in surgery: a systematic review. Surgery, 159(6), 1485-1500.

Time-consuming. Naturally, prototypes are designed to be developed quickly. If the developer decides to spend more time at the prototyping stage, time will elapse, and this will cause an increase in time spent at the developing stage and an increase in the cost of production.

User confusion. Sometimes the customers may confuse the prototype for the end polished final product and may grow fond of some of the features present in the prototype and may not be present in the final product (Martelli, 2016). This confuses the customers after seeing the product.

The developer misunderstands the user's intent. It is vital for any project's success that all stakeholders operate from the same set of ideas and objectives. Suppose buyers insist that the final product has all proposed prototype features. This might lead to team-to-mission conflicts.

References

QUESTION FOUR

System users, system owners, and analysts assemble in a single room for highly organized group sessions or mini retreats (Sensuse, 2020). Joint Application Design (JAD) is a method where highly organized group sessions or mini retreats including system users, system owners and analysts take place in a same room for a prolonged duration. JAD-like techniques are increasingly being utilized in system planning and system analysis to reach consensus on problems, goals, and requirements, among others (Nilson, 2020). It is more often called cooperative application development, which more appropriately represents the reality that it involves more than simply system design.

Using JAD facilitators who have been trained in this manner, as well as specialized and prepared agendas, this is performed in order to aid the participant in arriving at complete and high-quality requirements.

References

Sensuse, D. I., Rochman, H. N., Al Hakim, S., & Winarni, W. (2020). Knowledge management system design method with joint application design (JAD) adoption. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems.

Nilson, J. V. (2020). Developing a Local Acquisitions System Using the Joint Application Design (JAD) Process.

The coordinated approach of bringing professionals and subject-matter experts together to deliberate in a structured and organized manner through JAD sessions saves valuable time, and the overall design and delivery schedules are improved as a result of this (Sensuse, 2020). Communication and actors who are not necessary are excluded from the discussion, which thoroughly reviews the business goals and formulates requirements that can be delivered quickly by the technology team.

Cost-cutting measures: In the end, the accelerated analysis of requirements, as well as the rapid design and efficient delivery, results in significant cost savings for the organization concerned.

Improve your understanding: The careful selection of participants in the JAD sessions ensures that professionals can interact and provide a better understanding of the objectives and goals in relation to their skills and knowledge, even though product direction is frequently identified and suggested by business executives in many cases.

References

Sensuse, D. I., Rochman, H. N., Al Hakim, S., & Winarni, W. (2020). Knowledge management system design method with joint application design (JAD) adoption. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems.

Time commitment is required. Depending on the scope of the project, a JAD may necessitate a significant investment of time on your part. To be a part of the JAD, all participants must be available to meet at the designated times and must put all other activities on hold during those times.

Commitment on the part of JADs require that the organization has a clear understanding of the approach and guidelines that will be used. A firm commitment to this approach by AJAD is required for the organization to produce effective and productive results.

Analysts of systems must always keep in mind that none of the techniques that they employ, including JAD, are foolproof methods of obtaining the information they seek. The requirements for a quality system serve as the foundation for the success of any project (Iqbal, 2019). Good requirements should be verifiable and attainable, and achieving this without the participation of the user is impossible.

References

Iqbal, A., Khan, I. A., & Jan, S. (2019, February). A Review and Comparison of the Traditional Collaborative and Online Collaborative Techniques for Software Requirement Elicitation. In 2019 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Computational Sciences (ICACS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.

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