IT445 assignment 1
smartman1212
IT445-Assignment1.docx
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Question Two |
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Decision Support Systems
IT445
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Instructions:
1. You must submit two separate copies (one Word file and one PDF file) using the Assignment Template on Blackboard via the allocated folder. These files must not be in compressed format.
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Question One
Learning Outcome(s): LO1
Describe the structure of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and their services
2 Marks
DSS is a data processing system that support transactions processing and evolve to management information systems to support tactical and strategic decision-making. Explain in your own words, how DSS effects in making decisions in the following terms:
1- Effect on individuals
2- Effects of DSS on Managers
Effects on Individuals تسبب القلق للفرد بحيث انه ماله هوية او قيمة او ممكن يخسر وظيفته
· Inflexibility and dehumanization
Such systems have negative effects on people’s individuality. These systems are criticized as being impersonal: they reduce or eliminate the human element that was present in noncomputerized systems. Many people feel loss of identity; they feel like just another number.
Stress and anxiety
An increase in workload and responsibilities can trigger job stress. Although DSS increases productivity, it has also created an ever-increasing workload. Some workers feel overwhelmed and begin to feel anxious about their jobs and their performance.
Cooperation of expert
Human experts may have reservation to give their knowledge to an organization or problem-specific knowledge as being afraid of being replaced by the system, being less important, or even thinking that the system may reveal that he is not as great an expert as people think.
Effects of DSS on Managers
The computer-based information systems have had an impact on the job of manager for over 3 decades. However, this impact was felt mainly at the lower and middle managerial levels. Now DSS are affecting top managers as well. DSS technologies can change the manner in which many decisions are being made and consequently change manager’s jobs. The impacts of DSS on decision-making are numerous; the most probable areas are the following:
Automation of routine decisions or phases in the decision-making process ( e.g., for frontline decision-making)
Less expertise (experience) required for making many decisions
Faster decision-making because of the availability of information and the automation of some phases in the decision-making process.
Less reliance on experts and analysts to provide support to top executives; managers can do it by themselves with the help of intelligent systems.
Power redistribution among managers
Support for complex decisions, making them faster and of better quality.
Information for high-level decision-making is expedited or even self generated.
https://staff-old.najah.edu/sites/default/files/The_use_Decision_Support_Systems_and_its_effects_on_Individuals,_managers_and_organizations.pdf
Question Two
Learning Outcome(s): LO1
Describe the structure of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and their services
2.5 Marks
Each decision-making style is characterized by either a task or social focus and a high or low tolerance for ambiguity. Discuss the following decision-making style which they might be used in the workplace and provide an example to support your answer.
a. Directive
b. Analytical
c. Behavioral
Tolerance for ambiguity can be defined as the degree to which an individual is comfortable with uncertainty, unpredictability, conflicting
تحمل الغموض هو القدرة على إدراك الغموض في المعلومات والسلوك بطريقة محايدة ومفتوحة.
Directive Decision Making Style
Managers who use directive decision making style have low tolerance for ambiguity and they rational in the way they think. This form of decision making relies on a rational and autocratic style that results in the employee using his own knowledge, experience and judgment to choose the best alternative. This type of leader is very rational, but thinks mostly about the short-term. John believes that a shopping mall is the best type of development for the land. They are very logical, efficient and take quick decisions within a short time. They assess few alternatives and also consider limited information while taking any decision. Basically such managers use their logic and idea while taking decisions.
Directive style decision-making has low tolerance for ambiguity and is rational. When a manager spots the dirt on the window, and orders the cleaner to clean the window now, that is a directive style decision-making.
Analytic Decision Making Style
For example, when the management is discussing about acquisition. They do not make decision fast. They want to have more information before they make the major acquisition. They have to find answers to many “what if” questions.
Behavioral Decision Making Style
Behavioral style decision-making has low tolerance for ambiguity and is intuitive. Managers using behavioral decision making style have low tolerance for ambiguity and intuitive in their way of thinking. The manager possesses behavioral style decision-making will engage in team discussion. He is responsive to the mood of the team members. He makes decision based on what feels right, and what will motivate the team members to perform. The decision is communicated clearly and leaves no room for doubt. They are concerned about the achievement of subordinates and always take suggestions from others. They organize meetings of subordinates time and again to get information and suggestions. However, they try to avoid conflict. Acceptance by others is important to this decision making style.
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Directive |
Analytic |
Behavioral |
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Way of thinking |
rational |
rational |
intuitive |
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Tolerance for ambiguity |
low |
High |
low |
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Explanation |
Using his own knowledge, experience and judgment to choose the best alternative.
Assess few alternatives |
They want more information before making a decision .
Consider more alternatives |
He makes decision based on what feels right, and what will motivate the team members to perform. They are concerned about the achievement of subordinates and always take suggestions from others |
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Example |
If he want to choose outfit .He search in few number of stores, then he select. |
If he choose outfit he search first for the best store, he may looks forward reports then he decide to buy. |
If he want to choose outfit he ask for advice from someone. |
Question Three
Learning Outcome(s): LO2
Analyze various industrial applications of DSS and their limitations.
1.5 Marks
Data Mining is a nebulous term that is subject to numerous subjective definitions, it extracts patterns from data. However, these patterns might be a mathematical (numeric and/or symbolic) relationship among data items. List these different taxonomies (patterns) and discuss each type in details.
Page 227
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such as beer and diapers going together in market-basket analysis. |
find the commonly co-occurring groupings of things |
Associations |
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such as predicting the winner o f the Super Bowl or forecasting the absolute temperature o f a particular day. |
tell the nature of future occurrences of certain events based on w hat has happened in the past, |
Predictions |
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such as assigning customers in different segments based on their demographics and past purchase behaviors. |
identify natural groupings o f things based on their known characteristics |
Clusters |
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such as predicting that an existing banking customer who already has a checking account will open a savings account followed by an investment account within a year. |
discover time-ordered events, |
Sequential relationships |
