Discussion Board
smartman1212
IT340Chap3week03.pptxChapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Chapter 3
Basic Foundations:
Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 1
*
Objectives
Standards, Models, and Language needed for network management
Network Models
OSI
Internet
TMN
IEEE 802
Web-based
Management communication protocols
SNMP
CMIP
XML
CORBA
ASN.1 language
Syntax
Macro
Basic encoding rule
Management application functions
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 2
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
*
Introduction
Standards
Standards organizations
Protocol standards of transport layers
Protocol standards of management (application) layer
Management Models
Language
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Notes
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 3
Table 3.1 Network Management Standards
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 4
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
| Standard | Salient Points |
| OSI/CMIP: Common Management Information Protocol | International standard (International Standard Organization: ISO/Open System Interconnection: OSI) Management of data communications network - LAN and WAN Deals with all 7 layers Most complete Object oriented Well structured and layered 7. Consumes large resource in implementation |
| Internet/SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol | Industry standard (Internet Engineering Task Force: IETF) Originally intended for management of Internet components, currently adopted for WAN and telecommunication systems Easy to implement Most widely implemented |
| TMN: Telecommunication Management Network | International standard (ITU-T) Management of telecommunications network Based on OSI network management framework Addresses both network and administrative aspects of management enhanced Telecommunications Operations Map (eTOM) is a guidebook for business processes for implementing TMN using NGOSS (New Generation OSS) framework |
| IEEE | IEEE standards adopted internationally Addresses LAN and MAN management Adopts OSI standards significantly Deals with first two layers of OSI RM |
| Web-based Management | Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) Java Management Extension (JMX) XML-Based Network Management CORBA-based Network Management |
Notes
OSI Architecture and Model
Organization
Network management components
Functions of components
Relationships
Information
Structure of management information (SMI)
Syntax and semantics
Management information base (MIB)
Organization of management information
Object-oriented
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 5
Notes
Communication
Transfer syntax with bidirectional messages
Transfer structure (PDU)
Functions
Application functions
Configure components
Monitor components
Measure performance
Secure information
Usage accounting
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
OSI Architecture and Model (cont.)
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 6
Notes
SNMP Architecture and Model
Organization
Same as OSI model
Information
Same as OSI, but scalar
Communication
Messages less complex than OSI and unidirectional
Transfer structure (PDU)
Functions
Application functions
Fault management
Configuration management
Account management
Performance management
Security management
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 7
Notes
TMN Architecture
Addresses management of telecommunication networks
Based on OSI model
Superstructure on OSI network
Addresses network, service, and business management
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 8
Organizational Model
Manager
Sends requests to agents
Monitors alarms
Houses applications
Provides user interface
Agent
Gathers information from objects
Configures parameters of objects
Responds to managers’ requests
Generates alarms and sends them to managers
Managed object
Network element that is managed
Houses management agent
All objects are not managed / manageable
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 9
Notes
Two-Tier Model
Managed vs unmanaged objects/elements
Agent built into network element Example: Managed hub, managed router
An agent can manage multiple elements Example: Switched hub, ATM switch
MDB is a physical database
Unmanaged objects are network elements that are not managed - both physical (unmanaged hub) and logical (passive elements)
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 10
Notes
Three-Tier Model
Middle layer plays the dual role
Agent to the top-level manager
Manager to the managed objects
Example of middle level: Remote monitoring agent (RMON)
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 11
Notes
Manager of Managers
Agent NMS manages the domain
MoM presents integrated view of domains
Domain may be geographical, administrative, vendor-specific products, etc.
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 12
Notes
Peer NMSs
Dual role of both NMSs
Network management system acts as peers
Dumbbell architecture discussed in Chapter 1
Notice that the manager and agent functions are processes and not systems
For example, two network service providers need to exchange management
information between them
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 13
Information Model: Analogy
Figure in a book uniquely identified by
ISBN, Chapter, and Figure number in that hierarchical order
ID: {ISBN, chapter, figure}
The three elements above define the syntax
Semantics is the meaning of the three entities according to Webster’s
dictionary
The information comprises syntax and semantics about an object
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Notes
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 14
Notes
Structure of Management Information (SMI)
SMI defines for a managed object
Syntax
Semantics
Plus additional information such as status
Example sysDescr: { system 1 } Syntax: OCTET STRING Definition: "A textual description of the entity. " Access: read-only Status: mandatory
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 15
Notes
Management Information Base (MIB)
Information base contains information about objects
Organized by grouping of related objects
Defines relationship between objects
It is NOT a physical database. It is a virtual database that is
compiled into management module
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 16
Notes
Information Base View: An Analogy
Fulton County library system has many branches
Each branch has a set of books
The books in each branch is a different set
The information base of the county has the view (catalog) of all books
The information base of each branch has the catalog of books that belong to that branch.
That is, each branch has its view (catalog) of the information base
Let us apply this to MIB view
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 17
Notes
MIB View and Access of an Object
A managed object has many attributes - its information base
There are several operations that can be performed on the objects
A user (manager) can view and perform only certain operations on the object by invoking the management agent
The view of the object attributes that the agent perceives is the MIB view
The operation that a user can perform is the MIB access
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 18
Notes
Management Data Base / Information Base
Distinction between MDB and MIB
MDB physical database; e.g., Oracle, Sybase
MIB virtual database; schema compiled into management software.
An NMS can automatically discover a managed object, such as a hub, when added to the network
The NMS can identify the new object as hub only after the MIB schema of the hub is compiled into NMS software.
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 19
Notes
Managed Object
Managed objects can be
Network elements (hardware, system)
Hubs, bridges, routers, transmission facilities
Software (non-physical)
Programs, algorithms
Administrative information
Contact person, name of group of objects (IP group)
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 20
Notes
Management Information Tree
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Each managed object occupies a node in the tree
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 21
Notes
OSI Management Information Tree
iso International Standards Organization itu International Telecommunications Union dod Department of Defense
Designation:
iso 1
org 1.3
dod 1.3.6
internet 1.3.6.1
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 22
Notes
Type
Name
Syntax
Definition
Status
Access
Instance
Object Type and Instance
Example of a circle
“circle” is syntax
Semantics is definition from dictionary “A plane figure bounded by a single
curved line, every point of which is of equal distance from the center of the
figure.”
Analogy of nursery school
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 23
Notes
Managed Object: Internet Perspective
object ID unique ID
and descriptor and name for the object
syntax used to model the object
access access privilege to a managed object
status implementation requirements
definition textual description of the semantics of object type
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 24
Notes
object class managed object
attributes attributes visible at its boundary
operations operations which may be applied to it
behaviour behavior exhibited by it in response to operation
notifications notifications emitted by the object
Managed Object: OSI Perspective
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 25
Notes
Packet Counter Example
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 26
Notes
Internet vs. OSI Managed Object
Scalar object in Internet vs. Object-oriented approach in OSI
OSI characteristics of operations, behavior, and notification are part of communication model in Internet: get/set and response/alarm
Internet syntax is absorbed as part of OSI attributes
Internet access is part of OSI security model
Internet status is part of OSI conformance application
OSI permits creation and deletion of objects; Internet does not: Enhancement in SNMPv2
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 27
Notes
Mgmt. Communication Model
In Internet requests/responses, in OSI operations
In Internet traps and notifications (SNMPv2), in OSI notifications
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 28
Notes
Transfer Protocols
Internet is based on SNMP; OSI is based on CMIP
OSI uses CMISE (Common Management Information Service Element) application with CMIP
OSI specifies both c-o and connectionless transport protocol; SNMPv2 extended to c-o, but rarely used
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 29
Abstract Syntax Notation One
ASN.1 is more than a syntax; it’s a language
Addresses both syntax and semantics
Two types of syntax
Abstract syntax: set of rules that specify data type and structure for information storage
Transfer syntax: set of rules for communicating information between systems
Makes application layer protocols independent of lower layer protocols
Can generate machine-readable code: Basic Encoding Rules (BER) is used in management modules
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Notes
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 30
Notes
Backus-Nauer Form (BNF)
Definition:
<name> ::= <definition>
Rules:
<digit> ::= 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
<number> ::= <number> | <digit> <number>
<op> ::= +|-|x|/
<SAE> ::= <number>|<SAE>|<SAE><op><SAE>
Example:
9 is primitive 9
19 is construct of 1 and 9
619 is construct of 6 and 19
BNF is used for ASN.1 constructs
Constructs developed from primitives
The above example illustrates how numbers are constructed from the primitive <digit>
Simple Arithmetic Expression entity (<SAE>) is constructed from the primitives <digit> and <op>
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 31
Notes
Simple Arithmetic Expression
<SAE> ::= <number> | <SAE><op><number>
Example: 26 = 13 x 2
Constructs and primitives
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 32
Notes
Type and Value
Assignments
<BooleanType> ::= BOOLEAN
<BooleanValue> ::= TRUE | FALSE
ASN.1 module is a group of assignments person-name Person-Name::=
{
first "John",
middle “T",
last "Smith"
}
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
<BooleanType> ::= BOOLEAN
Data type assignment
<BooleanValue> ::= TRUE | FALSE
Value assignment
TRUE (All capital letters)
Keywords
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 33
Notes
Data Type: Example 1
Module name starts with capital letters
Data types:
Primitives: NULL, GraphicString
Constructs
Alternatives : CHOICE
List maker: SET, SEQUENCE
Repetition: SET OF, SEQUENCE OF:
Difference between SET and SEQUENCE
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 34
Notes
Data Type: Example 2
SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE makes table of rows
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 35
Notes
ASN.1 Symbols
Symbol Meaning
::= Defined as
| or, alternative, options of a list
- Signed number
-- Following the symbol are comments
{} Start and end of a list
[] Start and end of a tag
() Start and end of subtype
.. Range
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 36
Notes
CHOICE
SET
SEQUENCE
OF
NULL
Keyword Examples
Keywords are in all UPPERCASE letters
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 37
Notes
ASN.1 Data Type Conventions
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Module: group of assignments that are related to each other
Advantages of modules: can be imported or exported
Example of MIB definition module:
RFC1213-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
…
END
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 38
Notes
Data Type: Structure & Tag
Structure defines how data type is built
Tag uniquely identifies the data type
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 39
Notes
Structure
Simple
PageNumber ::= INTEGER
ChapterNumber ::= INTEGER
Structure / Construct
BookPageNumber ::= SEQUENCE {ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber Example: {1-1, 2-3, 3-39}
Tagged
Derived from another type; given a new ID
In Fig. 3-14, INTEGER is either universal or application specific
Other types:
CHOICE, ANY
BookPages ::= SEQUENCE OF { BookPageNumber} or BookPages ::= SEQUENCE OF
{
SEQUENCE
{ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber}
}
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 40
Notes
Tag
Example: BOOLEAN Universal 1 INTEGER Universal 2 research Application [1] (Figure 3.13)
product-based Context-specific under research [0]
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Tag uniquely identifies a data type
Comprises class and tag number
Class:
- Universal - always true
Application-independent
- Application - only in the application used
Can override universal class tag number
EmployeeNumber ::=[APPLICATION 2] IMPLICIT INTEGER
- Context-specific - specific context in application
- Private - used extensively by commercial vendors
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 41
Notes
Enumerated Integer
ENUMERATED is a special case of INTEGER
Example: RainbowColors(5) is orange
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 42
Notes
ASN.1 Module Example
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 43
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 44
Notes
Object Name
internet OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {ISO(1) ORG(3) DOD(6) INTERNET(1)}
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 45
Notes
TLV Encoding
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
TLV Type, length, and value are components of the structure
Type has 3 subcomponents
- P/C: primitive (simple) or Construct
Example, INTEGER belongs to universal class
Is a primitive data type and has a tag value of 2
So the type is 00 0 00010
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 46
Notes
Macro
Macro is used to create new data types
Example:
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 47
Notes
Functional Model
Configuration management
Set and change network configuration component parameters
Set up alarm thresholds
Fault management
Detection and isolation of failures in network
Trouble ticket administration
Performance management
Monitor performance of network
Security management
Authentication
Authorization
Encryption
Accounting management
Functional accounting of network usage
Chapter 3 Basic Foundations: Standards, Models, and Language
Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2010 48
Network
Management
Information
Model
Organization
Model
Functional
Model
Communication
Model
Manager
Managed objects
MDB
MIB
Agent process
MDB Management Database
MIB Management Information Base
OSI
Functional Model
Fault
Management
Configuration
Management
Performance
Management
Security
Management
Accounting
Management
