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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1545-1553

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Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.177

Effect of Phosphorus and Bio-Organics on Yield and Soil Fertility

Status of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Under

Semi- Arid Condition of Rajasthan, India

Irfan Mohammad 1 , B.L. Yadav

1 and Atik Ahamad

2*

1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner -

303329, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, NDUA&T Kumarganj-224229

Faizabad (U.P.), India *Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Introduction

Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] also

known as mungbean is a self pollinated

leguminous crop which is grown during

kharif as well as summer seasons in arid and

semi-arid regions of India. It is tolerant to

drought and can be grown successfully on

drained loamy to sandy loam soil in areas of

erratic rainfall. The centre of origin of

mungbean is India, may be used as a good

quality green or dry fodder or green manure.

Pulses accounts 24.79 m ha area with

production of 19.77 million tonnes in the

country. Mungbean stands third after

chickpea and pigeon pea among pulses. It

occupies 29.36 lakh hectare area and

contributes 13.90 lakh tonnes in pulse

production in the country (Anonymous, 2014-

15). The important mungbean growing states

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 1545-1553 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2015. The results of the study

indicated the application of phosphorus up to 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

recorded significantly higher

number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed and straw yield, nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium uptake in seed and straw, protein content in seed, microbial

biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in soil as compared to absolute control and 20 kg

P2O5 ha -1

but was at par with 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

. Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

represented

an increase of grain yield over control and 20 kg P2O5 ha -1

by 32.15 and 7.48 per cent,

respectively. Application of PM @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB significantly increased the

pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed and straw yield, nitrogen, phosphorus

and potassium content in seed and straw and their total uptake, protein content in seed,

microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in soil over control, PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

,

PM @ 5 t ha -1

and PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB. The application of bio-organics on

grain yield was found significant and all the treatments of bio-organics were differed

significantly. The application of PM @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB significantly higher the

grain yield over control, PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

, PM @ 5 t ha -1

and PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium

+PSB. PM applied @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased the grain yield by

52.63, 25.17, 7.15 and 15.20 per cent over B0, B1, B2 and B3, respectively.

K e y w o r d s

Mungbean, Uptake,

Phosphorus Levels,

Bio-organic and

yield.

Accepted:

22 February 2017

Available Online: 10 March 2017

Article Info

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1545-1553

1546

are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar

Pradesh, Odisha, Maharastra, Karnataka and

Bihar. In Rajasthan, total area under

mungbean was 8.93 lakh hectares with the

production of 4.23 lakh tonnes and

productivity of 473 kg ha -1

(Anonymous,

2014-15). It is mainly cultivated in arid and

semi arid districts including Nagaur, Jaipur,

Jodhpur, Sikar, Pali, Jhunjhunu and Ajmer.

Despite of being such an important crop, the

average productivity of mungbean in the state

is quite low compared to its production

potential which is a matter of serious concern.

Phosphorus is an important nutrient next to

nitrogen for plants. Indian soils are poor to

medium in available phosphorus. It is an

indispensable, constituent of nucleic acid,

ADP and ATP. It has beneficial effects on

nodule stimulation, root development, growth

and also hastens maturity as well as improves

quality of crop produce. The study of

phosphorus to legumes is more important than

that of nitrogen as later is being fixed by

symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria.

Incorporation of poultry manure improve

available nutrient status of the soil with

enhanced soil biological activity which in turn

provides a congenial physical condition and

improved availability of nutrient in the

rhizosphere thereby and ultimate by resulting

in an improvement in the crop growth and

providing a better source-sink relationship.

Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms

(bacteria and fungi) enable P to become

available for plant uptake after solubilization.

Several soil bacteria, particularly those

belonging to the genera Bacillus and

Pseudomonas and fungi belonging to the

genera Aspergillus and Penicillium possess

the ability to bring insoluble phosphates in

soil into soluble forms by secreting organic

acids such as formic, acetic, propionic, lactic,

glycolic, fumaric, and succinic acids. These

acids lower the pH and bring about the

dissolution of bound forms of phosphates

have reported that during the solubilization of

rock phosphate by fungi, the pH of the culture

was lowered from 7 to 3. Some of the

hydroxyl acids may chelate with calcium and

iron resulting in effective solubilisation and

utilization of phosphates. The phosphate

solubilizing microorganisms improved

phosphorus uptake over control with and

without chemical fertilizers. There is lack of

information on the use of PSM for mungbean

under semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India.

Therefore, a field experiment have been

conducted to assess the role of phosphorus

solubilizing microorganisms with different

phosphorus levels on mungbean yield and

nutrient uptake in Entisols under semi-arid

region of Rajasthan, India.

Materials and Methods

A field experiment was conducted during the

rainy (kharif) season of 2015 at Agronomy

farm of SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner

(Rajasthan) in western side at 26 0 05' North

latitude, 75 0 28' East longitude and at an

altitude of 427 metres above mean sea level.

In Rajasthan, this region falls under Agro

climatic zone III a (Semi-Arid Eastern Plain

Zone) to study the effect of phosphorus and

bio-organics on yield and soil fertility status.

The experiment included 20 treatment

combinations comprising 4 levels of

phosphorus (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha -1

) and

five level of bio-organics ( control, PM @ 2.5

t ha -1

, PM @ 5.0 ha -1

t , PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

+

Rhizobium + PSB and PM @ 5.0 t ha -1

+

Rhizobium + PSB) were replicated thrice in

factorial randomized block design. Mungbean

cv. RMG-492 after treated with Bavistin @ 3

g kg -1

seed to control seed born disease

fallowed by rhizobium culture @ 25 g kg -1

seeds. The seeds were inoculated with PSB @

5 g kg -1

seed as per routine procedure 2-3

hours before sowing and dried in shade (Paul

et al., 1971). The seeds were sown by ‘pora’

method with row spacing of 30 cm by hand

plough at a depth of 5 cm using a seed rate of

20 kg ha -1

. The variety RMG-492 of

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1545-1553

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mungbean was used as the test crop and the

sowing was done on 07 th

July, 2015. Whole

amount of poultry manure as per treatment

was broadcasted uniformly one week before

sowing and incorporated in the soil. The

nutrient composition of poultry manure was

N, P and K 1.30 %, 1.80% and 0.80

respectively. The experimental soil was

loamy sand in texture, slightly alkaline in

reaction (pH 8.20), poor in organic carbon

(0.18%) available nitrogen (130.42 kg ha -1

),

available potassium (132.23 kg K2O ha -1

) and

medium in phosphorus (15.95 kg P2O5 ha -1

).

The climate of this region is a typically semi-

arid, characterized by extremes of

temperatures during both summers and

winters. During summers the mean weekly

weather parameters for the crop season

recorded at college meteorological

observatory have been depicted graphically in

Fig 1.

Soil sampling and analysis

The Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected at

the beginning of experiment from whole field,

and from each plot were taken after harvest of

mungbean crop. The soil samples were sieved

(2 mm), homogenized and stored at 4 0 C for

enzymatic activity estimation, while for

chemical analysis, soil was air dried for 3

days and thereafter stored at room

temperature.

Microbial biomass C by chloroform

fumigation extraction method Vance et al.,

(1987) and microbial biomass N and P were

estimated by chloroform fumigation

extraction method Brookes et al., (1984). Soil

dehydrogenase activity was estimated by

measuring the rate of triphenylformazan

(TPF) from triphenyl tetrazolium chloride

(TTC) Casida et al., (1964) and alkaline

phosphatase activities were measured by

usingp-nitrophenyl (PNP) Tabatabai and

Bremner (1969).

Results and Discussion

Yield attributes and yield

The increasing level of phosphorus

significantly increased number of pods per

plant and seeds per pod up to 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

but it was at par with 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

(Table

1). Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

representing an increase of number of pods

per plant and seeds per pod by 34.97 and

14.06 per cent, 36.38 and 13.78 per cent over

control and 20 kg P2O5, respectively. These

results are in close conformity with the

findings of Yadav and Jakhar (2001), Tanwar

et al., (2003) and Owla et al., (2007) in

mungbean. Same table further indicated that

application of bio-organics significantly

increased the number of pods per plant and

seeds per pod all the treatments of bio-

organics differed significantly. Application of

PM @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB recorded

significantly higher the number of pods per

plant by 37.35, 23.01, 6.77 and 14.21 per cent

over B0, B1, B2 and B3, respectively.

Application of PM @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium

+PSB significantly increased the seeds per

pod over control, PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

, PM @ 5 t

ha -1

and PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB

representing an increase of 56.89, 28.60, 8.40

and 18.23 per cent, respectively. The

availability and optimum supply of nutrients

to plants favorably influenced the flowering

and grain formation, which in turn increased

the pods plant -1

, grains pod -1

and test weight.

Findings of Mathur et al., (2003) and Bhatt et

al., (2013) in greengram.

The application of phosphorus up to 40 kg ha -

1 significantly increased the grain yield (1163

kg ha -1

) which was significantly superior over

control and 20 kg P2O5 ha -1

but remained at

par with 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

(Table 1).

Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

represented an

increase of grain yield over control and 20 kg

P2O5 ha -1

by 32.15 and 7.48 per cent,

respectively. This might be fact that excess

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1545-1553

1548

assimilates stored in the leaves and later

translocated into grains at the time of

senescence, ultimately led to higher grain

yield. It was noted that a unit increase in

number of pods/plant, number of grains/pod,

test weight and total N, P and K uptake

increased grain yield of mungbean. These

results are in close conformity with the

findings of Yadav and Jakhar (2001), Tanwar

et al., (2003) and Owlae t al., (2007) in

mungbean.

The application of bio-organics on grain yield

(1273 kg ha -1

) was found significant and all

the treatments of bio-organics were differed

significantly. The application of PM @ 5 t ha -

1 + Rhizobium +PSB significantly higher the

grain yield over control, PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

, PM

@ 5 t ha -1

and PM @ 2.5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium

+PSB. PM applied @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium +

PSB significantly increased the grain yield by

52.63, 25.17, 7.15 and 15.20 per cent over B0,

B1, B2 and B3, respectively. The beneficial

response of organic manure to yield might be

attribute to the availability of sufficient

amount of plant nutrient throughout the

growth period of crop resulting in better

nutrient uptake, plant vigour and superior

yield attributes (Chesti and Ali, 2012).

Nutrient uptake by plant

The increasing levels of phosphorus up to 40

kg P2O5 ha -1

Significant increase in Total N, P

and K uptake by grain and straw were

recorded maximum with the application of

PM @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium + PSB as

compared to (20 kg P2O5 ha -1

) and control

which at par with 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

(Table 2) .

The maximum total NPK uptake were 99.44,

8.52, 85.38 kg ha -1

and protein content

22.44% in mungbean seed were registered

with application P60 (60 kg P2O5 ha -1

). uptake

of nutrients is the function of their

concentration in plant and grain and straw

yields, the higher concentration of these

nutrients coupled with significantly higher

grain and straw yield improved the total

uptake of N, P and K. Protein concentration is

essentially the manifestation of N

concentration in grain. Hence, increased N

concentration might have also enhanced the

protein content. These results corroborate the

findings of Singh et al., (2009), Awomyet al.,

(2012) and Kumawat et al., (2014) in

greengram.

Significant increase total N, P and K in grain

and straw at harvest were recorded maximum

with the application of PM @ 5 t ha -1

+

Rhizobium + PSB as compared to control, PM

@ 2.5 t ha -1

, PM @ 5 t ha -1

and PM @ 2.5 t

ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB. The favorable soil

conditions under organic manuring which acts

as store house of energy for micro organisms

are responsible for nutrient transformation

besides providing better soil physico-

chemical environment (decrease in bulk

density and increase in saturated hydraulic

conductivity and CEC) which help in the

minerlization of nutrients. The organic

manures besides being the direct source of

nutrients also solublized the insoluble P and K

in soil through release of various organic

acids (Dhakshinamoorthy et al., 2000). The

increased availability of these nutrients in the

root zone coupled with increased metabolic

activity at cellular levels might have increased

nutrient uptake and their accumulation in the

vegetative plants. An improved metabolism to

greater translocation of these nutrient to

reproductive organs of the crop and ultimately

increased the content in grain and straw.

Inoculation of seed with Rhizobium + PSB

along with PM @ 5 t ha -1

was more beneficial

in enhancing all the above parameters due to

increased solubility of phosphorus and higher

N- fixation in nodules, leading to increased

availability of N and P. The Increase

availability of N and P also helped to utilize

more potassium from the soil by the plant.

Thus, the greater content and uptake of N, P

and K in grain and straw as well as increase in

protein content in grain might be due to

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1545-1553

1549

synergistic effect of Rhizobium +PSB

inoculations and higher N, P and K content in

poultry manure. These results corroborate the

finding of Tanwar et al., (2003) in black gram

and Basu et al., (2006) in groundnut.

Table.1 Effect of phosphorus and bio-organics on yield and yield attributes of mungbean crop

Treatments Grain yield

kg ha -1

Number of pods

per plant

Seeds per

pod

Phosphorus levels

P0 (Control) 880 25.65 7.20

P20 (20 kg P2O5 ha -1

) 1082 30.35 8.63

P40 (40 kg P2O5 ha -1

) 1163 34.62 9.82

P60 (60 kg P2O5 ha -1

) 1209 36.15 10.16

SEm+ 25.01 0.70 0.23

CD (P = 0.05) 71.61 2.01 0.66

Bio-organics

B0 (Control) 834 26.50 6.82

B1 (Poultry manure (PM)@ 2.5 t/ha) 1017 29.59 8.32

B2 (Poultry manure (PM)@ 5.0 t/ha) 1188 34.09 9.87

B3 (2.5 t/ha PM + Rhizobium + PSB) 1105 31.87 9.05

B4 (5.0 t/ha PM + Rhizobium + PSB) 1273 36.40 10.70

SEm+ 27.97 0.79 0.26

CD (P = 0.05) 80.07 2.25 0.73

Table.2 Effect of phosphorus and bio-organics on number of pods per plant and seeds per pod

Treatments Total nutrient uptake by grain

and straw (kg ha -1

)

Protein

content

(%) N P K

Phosphorus levels

P0 (Control) 51.84 4.88 42.81 18.44

P20 (20 kg P2O5 ha -1

) 78.07 6.64 67.65 20.50

P40 (40 kg P2O5 ha -1

) 94.33 7.56 80.98 22.19

P60 (60 kg P2O5 ha -1

) 99.44 8.52 85.38 22.44

SEm+ 2.20 0.32 1.63 0.50

CD (P = 0.05) 6.28 0.92 4.67 1.42

Bio-organics

B0 (Control) 46.84 3.87 43.97 16.04

B1 (Poultry manure (PM)@ 2.5 t/ha) 70.33 5.77 61.85 19.43

B2 (Poultry manure (PM)@ 5.0 t/ha) 95.14 8.11 79.88 23.01

B3 (2.5 t/ha PM + Rhizobium + PSB) 82.77 6.98 70.79 21.29

B4 (5.0 t/ha PM + Rhizobium + PSB) 109.50 9.29 89.53 24.68

SEm+ 2.45 0.36 1.82 0.55

CD (P = 0.05) 7.03 1.03 5.22 1.59

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Table.3 Effect of phosphorus and bio-organics on microbial biomass, enzyme activity and

microbial population in soil

Treatments Microbial biomass

(µg g -1

) soil

Dehydro

genase

(µg TPF

g -1

soil

24 h -1

)

Alkaline

phosphatase

enzyme

(µg PNP produced

g -1

soil h -1

)

Rhizob

ium

(x 10 3

cfu g -1

soil)

PSB

(x 10 2

cfu g -1

soil )

C N P

Phosphorus levels

P0 176.58 35.44 28.45 115.85 9.66 9.10 13.85

P20 201.54 40.94 30.88 124.33 10.61 10.22 15.91

P40 222.54 45.58 32.97 132.28 11.35 11.25 17.78

P60 229.54 47.54 34.85 133.81 11.55 11.35 18.98

SEm+ 5.15 1.17 0.65 2.76 0.24 0.23 0.41

CD (P = 0.05) 14.74 3.34 1.86 7.92 0.70 0.67 1.18

Bio-organics

B0 162.99 33.12 26.17 107.38 8.55 8.53 11.67

B1 192.20 38.37 29.69 117.59 10.10 9.67 15.57

B2 227.62 46.86 34.35 135.90 11.79 11.42 18.65

B3 210.16 42.39 32.17 126.99 10.92 10.53 17.17

B4 244.78 51.13 36.56 144.97 12.61 12.25 20.08

SEm+ 5.76 1.30 0.73 3.09 0.27 0.26 0.46

CD (P = 0.05) 16.48 3.73 2.08 8.85 0.78 0.75 1.32

Fig.1 Mean weakly meteorological data for crop season (Kharif, 2015)

Microbial biomass in soil

Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

significantly

increased the microbial biomass carbon,

nitrogen, phosphorus after harvest by 26.02

and 10.41%, 28.61 and 12.32%, 22.49 and

12.85% over control and 20 kg P2O5 ha -1

,

respectively (Table 3). However the

application of 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

found at par

with 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

. The microbial biomass

carbon increased with increase in dose of

inorganic fertilizers, may be due firstly to

increase in microbial population (Hasebe et

al., 1985) and secondary to the formation of

root exudates, mucigel soughed off cells and

underground roots previous cut crops which

also play an important role in increasing

biomass carbon (Goyal et al., 1992).

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1551

The application of bio-organics on microbial

biomass carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus at

harvest was found significant and all the

treatments of bio-organics were differed

significantly. The application of B4 (PM @ 5 t

ha -1

+ Rhizobium +PSB) increased the

microbial biomass phosphorus at harvest over

B0, B1, B2 and B3. The increase in microbial

biomass C, N and P and activities of enzymes

might also be due to increase in organic

carbon of soil on account of addition of bio-

organic. These results find support from the

results of Saini et al., (2005) and Kumar et

al., (2007).

The application inorganic fertilizers resulted

in significantly higher soil microbial biomass

nitrogen content as compared to the rest of the

treatments. The fertilizer in the present study

apparently provided supply of nutrients in

balanced proportion which was reflected in

term of increasing amount of microbial

biomass nitrogen, increase in biomass

nitrogen has also been reported by Wang

Shuping et al., (2013). Soil microbial biomass

phosphorus recorded higher due to

phosphorus application up to 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

after the harvest of mungbean. It provided

substrates essential for microbial growth and

activity, which in term was responsible for

increase in the soil microbial biomass P.

reason attributed in reduction death of

microbial cells due to absence of any

phosphate subtract. The addition of higher

levels of phosphorus through external sources

might have influenced the metabolism of

micro-organism which is responsible for soil

microbial biomass-P was reported by Santhy

et al., (2004).

Enzymes activity in soil

The increasing levels of phosphorus

significantly increased the dehydrogenase,

alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity after

harvest up to 40 kg P2O5 ha -1

, being at par

with 60 kg P2O5 ha -1

(Table 3). The effect of

application of bio-organics on dehydrogenase

and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was

found significant and all the treatments of bio-

organics were differed significantly. The

application of poultry manure @ 5 t ha -1

+

Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased the

dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase

enzyme activity over control, PM @ 2.5 t ha -

1 , PM @ 5 t ha

-1 and PM @ 2.5 t ha

-1 +

Rhizobium + PSB.

It might be due to highest dehydrogenase and

alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity of soil

recorded with application of poultry manure

@ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium + PSB. Soil enzyme

activities increased by the incorporation of

organic manure were also reported by

Nannipieri et al., (1983). The increased

activity has generally been attributed to

increased microbial biomass resulting from

organic matter enrichment in the soil. Increase

in activity may be due to protection to the

enzymes fraction upon increase in the soil

humus content was also reported by Pareek

and Yadav (2011) and Nath et al., (2012).

Microbial population in soil

The increasing levels of phosphorus up to 40

kg ha -1

significantly increased the microbial

population of Rhizobium (11.25 x 10 2 cfu g

-1 )

and PSB (17.88 x 10 2 cfu g

-1 ) at flowering

stage, which was found at par with 60 kg

P2O5 ha -1

. The microbial population count

was maximum with the application of poultry

manure @ 5 t ha -1

+ Rhizobium + PSB.

Rhizobium (12.25 x 10 3 cfu g

-1 soil) and PSB

(20.08 x 10 2 cfu g

-1 soil) count at flowering

stage in soil increased considerably due to the

application of organic manures (Table 3). The

availability of carbonaceous materials and

substrates such as sugar, amino acids and

organic acids to the soil from the

decomposing organic materials and decay of

roots under the plant canopy are important for

supplying energy for microbial population

(Bowen and Rovira, 1991).

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1552

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How to cite this article:

Irfan Mohammad, B.L. Yadav and Atik Ahamad. 2017. Effect of Phosphorus and Bio-Organics on

Yield and Soil Fertility Status of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Under Semi- Arid

Condition of Rajasthan, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(3): 1545-1553.

doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.177