Psychology Research Paper (need be able to access SPSS)

Frame along need to belong then sensation seeking.

Belonging is a basic need, similar to what people need food and water.

If you take a human’s food/ water away they will be desperate to get them back. Since Need to belong is a basic need, if it is stripped away than people will be desperate and engage in sensation seeking behaviors.

Individuals will do much more in order to keep relationships/ belongingness

Unconsciously do what others do to try and fit in.

Need to belong general fundamental need live socially

Because it is fundamental need when it is sqaushed people do anything to restore it = sensation

When that happens we see sensation seeking show up and need for belonging is a predictor of this.

Online survey - Qualtrics

https://miamioh.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_a9MrNbENu9uCSKV

Introduction Section
Include introductory paragraph to explain why topics are important (can cite non-peer reviewed journals in this paragraph).
What are the names your two constructs (e.g., anxiety, self-esteem)?	Construct 1 Need to Belong	Construct 2 Sensation Seeking
Definitions of your constructions (include citations)?	Construct 1 Baumeister and Leary define need to belong as a hypothesis regarding to human behavior that causes a “drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships (Baumeister & Leary, 1995).	Construct 2 Zuckerman defines sensation seeking as a personality trait with tendency” to seek varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experience” (Zuckerman, 1979)
How will you be operationalizing these constructs (e.g., which scales are you using)?	Construct 1 Leary, M. R.. (2013) . Need to Belong Scale . Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved from www.midss.ie	Construct 2 Sensation Seeking Scale (Vossen & Valkenburg, 2015), and one other scale, Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1964).
What is your correlational hypothesis for the constructs? Use correlational language (e.g., “We predict as Construct A increases, Construct B will decrease).	We predict that as the need to belong increases, sensation seeking will increase as well.
Main Idea #1 List previous research that supports your hypothesis. Include at least 3 separate citations for each main idea.	Main Idea #1 Need for belonging is importance to humans, therefore to avoid damaging or ending relationships, individuals are more likely to engage in more sensation seeking behaviors they would not have otherwise.
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
Main Idea #2 List previous research that supports your hypothesis. Include at least 3 separate citations for each main idea.	Main Idea #2 Sensation seeking behaviors may be a mechanism individuals use in order to fit in or gain acceptance from the ones they care about. NFB as a predictor.
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
Main Idea #3 List previous research that supports your hypothesis. Include at least 3 separate citations for each main idea.	Main Idea #3 Connecting the two. Need to belong - description and past research sensation seeking- description and past research
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
	Supporting Evidence & In-Text Citation
What does your research contribute (does is extend past research, replicate past research)?

Sources:

Need to Belong Definition; Source: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/1995-29052-001.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651

Need to belong resources

Dewall, C. N., Deckman, T., Pond, R. S., & Bonser, I. (2011). Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression. Journal of Personality,79(6), 1281-1314. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x

Eck, J., Schoel, C., & Greifeneder, R. (2017). Belonging to a majority reduces the immediate need threat from ostracism in individuals with a high need to belong. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2233

Maxwell, K. A. (2000). Do friends matter? the role of peer influence on adolescent risk behavior (Order No. 9989625). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (304613605). Retrieved from http://proxy.lib.miamioh.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/304613605?accountid=12434

Stillman, T., & Baumeister, R. (2009). Uncertainty, Belongingness, and Four Needs for Meaning. Psychological Inquiry, 20(4), 249–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400903333544

Weitzman, E., Nelson, T., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Taking up binge drinking in college: The influences of person, social group, and environment. Journal of Adolescent Health,32(1), 26-35. doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00457-3

Journal of Risk Research. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100657

Sensation seeking resources

Horvath, P., & Zuckerman, M. (1993). Sensation seeking, risk appraisal, and risky behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90173-Z

Belonging to a majority reduces the immediate need threat from ostracism in individuals with a high need to belong.

· “It is well documented that ostracism poses an immediate threat to the four basic human needs for belonging, self‐esteem, control, and meaningful existence and increases negative affect”

· belonging to a majority as a potential buffer against the immediate threat ostracism poses to the basic needs.

· Building on these common associations of majorities, we assumed that perceiving oneself as a member of a majority has the potential to boost one's sense of belonging, self‐esteem, control, and meaningful existence (before belonging paragraph)

· manipulated group membership via feedback on a perception task and found that majority members perceived greater control over their behavior and outcomes than did minority members. As a result, one may presume that majority members' elevated sense of control can help them to maintain their perceived control over the social environment at a reasonably high level

· Role of the need to belong: High versus low NTBs have been found to show greater cooperation in large groups (De Cremer & Leonardelli, [ 10 ] ) and greater sensitivity to social cues (Pickett, Gardner, and Knowles, [ 45 ] ), presumably because both cooperation and sensitivity to social cues may help foster acceptance by others.

· Need threat: our need to belong and to feel worthy

· postulates that threats to the needs for belonging and self‐esteem motivate individuals to behave in ways that help reestablish social connections. For example, social exclusion enhances memory for social information (Gardner, Pickett, & Brewer, [ 17 ] ) and increases nonconscious mimicry of and rewards assigned to new interaction partners

· By contrast, threats to the need for control and meaningful existence are postulated to motivate antisocial and aggressive acts because such behaviors can help people recover a sense of control and being noticed

Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self‐regulation.

· Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self‐regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26.

· behavior during mid‐ and late adolescence is frequently described as the product of a developmental asynchrony between an easily aroused reward system, which inclines adolescents toward sensation seeking, and still maturing self‐regulatory regions, which limit the young person's ability to resist these inclinations.

· Self‐regulatory capacities may reach adult‐like levels at around age 15 in relatively less arousing, ‘cool’ contexts (Casey, [ 5 ] ), but when tasks become more demanding or emotionally arousing, adult‐like performance may not be reached until closer to the mid‐20s

· Overall, the results of this study are consistent with portrayals of adolescence as a time of heightened sensation seeking in the face of still developing self‐regulation, a combination that has been linked to the greater prevalence in risk taking during adolescence than before or after

Interplay between sensation seeking and risky alcohol drinking in Mexican adolescents: An structural modeling equation approach.

· sensation seeking is a personality trait that is defined as the need to experience varied and complex sensations and the desire to take physical and social risks based on the desire to obtain those experiences

· indicate that sensation seeking is a predictor of the consumption of addictive substances (alcohol, tobacco and drugs), where consumers of addictive substances score higher in sensation seeking than non-consumers

Why do young people multitask with multiple media? Explicating the relationships among sensation seeking, needs, and media multitasking behavior.

· Our findings synthesize those of previous studies by demonstrating that sensation seeking is positively related to six needs for media use: entertainment, convenience, stylish, social, cognitive, and efficient. Our findings also reveal that only convenience, social, and efficient needs perfectly mediate the effect of sensation seeking on media multitasking behavior. More specifically, high sensation seekers who media multitask more frequently are found to have higher needs for convenience and relationship maintenance, along with lower needs for efficiency.

· This study, on the basis of U&G theory and arousal theory, suggests that high and low sensation seekers are biologically different in several ways. Because of the biological differences, high sensation seekers have higher entertainment, convenience, stylish, social, cognitive, and efficient needs for media use because they have higher inherent need for arousal

· Media multitasking is emerging as an increasingly common behavior among young people. This study helps to answer the question of "Why do young people multitask with multiple media?" The results show that young people in this study tend to be high sensation seekers. High sensation seekers are high in inherent need for arousal that is reflected by high entertainment, convenience, stylish, social, cognitive, and efficient needs. High sensation seekers tend to media multitask more frequently to satisfy their high convenience, high social, and low efficient needs to reach optimal level of arousal. This study extends U&G theory by adding arousal theory to explain the mediated relationships among sensation seeking, needs for media use, and media multitasking behavior, which helps synthesize previous studies that have supported the two direct effect models.

Neighborhood moderation of sensation seeking effects on adolescent substance use initiation.

· It is likely that this disposition toward excitement seeking results in more adolescent substance use experimentation due to a combination of the allure of the experience of pleasurable intoxication effects, excitement of rule breaking, and the fact that alcohol and drug use are often coupled with rewarding peer interactions.

Modeling the relationships among emotional intelligence, sensation-seeking and risk-taking attitudes of university students in Hong Kong.