Psychology

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Introduction

There are five different sensory organs. These are eyes, nose, ears, tongue, and skin. The roles of these sensory organs include receiving various stimulations around us through seeing, smelling, hearing among others. The indicators which are received by these sensory organs from the environment within us are referred to as sensations. In a nutshell, sensations are what our organs receive and convey to the brain (Eich, Eric, 3-6). The moment the brain gets the stimulus; it changes the entire signal into feelings, taste, sound, sight and also smell. Perception can be assumed to be the sixth sense. This is what people perceive or what forms someone’s opinion of things that happen around us. Perception of a person is personal experience since it forms part or wholly of what one thinks within his environment or someone’s consideration about the world around him. Much of it is about psychological concept unlike anything like sensations.

Perceptions and sensations are not similar because sensation is much physical as compared to perceptions. Sensations are usually achieved when the body receives a stimulus after which it reacts to it hence changing the stimulus to things that the body sensory organs can recognize. However, perceptions are entirely psychological for instance people’s thoughts in our environment or the world around us. From the above the line of difference has been established, perception goes after sensation (Eichstaedt, et al., 159-169). In the mind the nerve impulses are subjected into a number of organization, conversion and interpretation. When perception is finished, an individual can make sense out of sensations. For example if an individual can see light (sensation) is not the same this as establishing its color (perception).

In the field of neuroscience and psychophysics absolute threshold was initially referred to a state where the lowest level of stimulus was recorded for instance, light, sound touch, among others which an organism could detect. Later on the due to the emergence of signal detection theory, the absolute threshold has been redefined to mean a state at which a stimulus can be detected at a certain percentage which is usually 50% of the time (Eichstaedt, et al., 159-169). The theory further states that there are various determiners of how a detecting device will identify a signal and the degree of its threshold.

In the field of neurobiology, lateral inhibition refers to the ability of an excited neuron to reduce the activities of its neighbors. Lateral inhibitions inactivate spreading of action potentials that are as a result of excited neurons to adjacent neurons in the same direction. This results into a contrast in stimulation which accepts increased sensory perceptions. This usually occurs fundamentally in visual processes and also in tactile, auditory and olfactory processing.

Various changes in the eye give reasons to why we find it hard to see in darkness. Humans usually see light when it is refracted into the retina by the help of a cornea. This cornea comprises of rod cells which aid humans to see in dim light. However, it is only black and white, and cone cells, that aid humans to see color that is of bright light. In darkness the rode cells tend to work extra time to say. If there is no light to see then the rode cell which creates the image will be unable to do so at all (Johannes C., et al., 776). When you look directly to an object the light is directed to the fovea the part of the eye where the cells are closely packaged together which contains only cone cells. This is the reason why if you look into an object at night you will not see anything because the cone cells are unable to pick any light.

Gangling cells form the first neurons of the retina that reacts with action potentials. The reaction of the gangling cell is dependent on the reaction of the cells which feed into the gangling cell. This also composes of photoreceptors, bipolar cells and also various lateral interconnections that pass through horizontal cells and amacrine cells. However, what you should be really interested in is the connection between gangling cells activity and also the visual stimulus image (Open Science Collaboration). The links bellow will lead you to diagram’s that will show you the creation of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells.

http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/courses/perception/lecturenotes/ganglion/rgc-slides/Slide4.jpg

http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/courses/perception/lecturenotes/ganglion/rgc-slides/Slide7.jpg

http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/courses/perception/lecturenotes/ganglion/rgc-slides/Slide8.jpg

http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/courses/perception/lecturenotes/ganglion/rgc-slides/Slide10.jpg

http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/courses/perception/lecturenotes/ganglion/rgc-slides/Slide10.jpg

When colors are distributed, they are referred to as a spectrum. The main reason that makes humans see the spectrum is due to specific wavelengths that influence the retina in human eye. The table below will demonstrate the wavelengths of different colors of a spectrum. The spectrum is composed of different colors according to their wavelengths. The color in the spectrum with the longest wavelength is red while the one with the shortest is violet. The one the eye can see is the vision region. Light is actually one potion of various electromagnetic waves over the space. When you move further past the visible light region we approach the infrared region. If you go further to shorter wavelengths you will encounter ultraviolet region which is difficult to see using human eye (Mrazek, Michael D., et al., 776). The link below will lead you to the table mentioned above about the table of various wavelengths. https://www.konicaminolta.com/instruments/knowledge/color/part2/img/img_02-1.gif

Conclusion

The paper has fully analyzed the psychology point of view explanations and discussions regarding the questions asked from the fields of psychology. The reader will be guaranteed of credible knowledge gathered explaining each and every question as recommended.

References

Eich, Eric. "Business not as usual." (2014): 3-6.

Eichstaedt, Johannes C., et al. "Psychological language on Twitter predicts county-level heart disease mortality." Psychological science 26.2 (2015): 159-169.

Mrazek, Michael D., et al. "Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering." Psychological science 24.5 (2013): 776

Open Science Collaboration. "Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science." Science 349.6251 (2015): aac4716.

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