Human Realtion Paper
Frank1996
IntroCounseling.pptxIntroduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
Chapter 1:
An Overview of Counseling
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
What Is Counseling?
A dynamic process
Professionally trained counselor assists a client
Uses a variety of strategies and techniques
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Counseling Outcomes
Facilitating behavior change
Enhancing coping skills
Promoting decision making
Improving relationships
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Counseling: An Art and Science
Attempts to balance the subjective and objective aspects of counseling
Helps understand individual subjectivity while remaining professionally objective
Initially scientist-practitioner (Boulder) model from 1940
Currently focus is more on the “art”
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
The Art of Counseling
Counseling focuses largely on the “art” of the practitioner
Involves flexibility in approach
Involves humanistic interactions
Skill sets are the art, while research in the field adds to the science
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Art: Giving of Oneself in Counseling
Involves concern and empathy for the client
Self-transcendence: moving beyond oneself
Maintaining boundaries when expressing emotions
Avoid becoming overly involved to the point of losing objectivity
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
6
Science
Offers an objective dimension to the counseling process
Utilization of research into practice and practice into research
Differentiates professionals from nonprofessionals
Formulates objective observations and inferences, test hypotheses, and build theories
Integrates empirical skills and strategies into the counselor’s overall role and function
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Counseling as Storytelling
“Storied lives”: people live life based on stories created
Clients can “re-story” their lives to create new meanings
Approach aims to use client’s own language as opposed to psychological jargon
A collaborative effort to create new narratives
Negative life events effect belief systems
Belief systems impact clients’ ability to cope
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Counseling and Psychotherapy
Both are similar and can blend together
Counseling one end of continuum—psychotherapy the other
Counseling focuses on conscious state—psychotherapy can include unconscious
Counseling is developmental—psychotherapy remediative
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Counseling and Psychotherapy
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Brammer’s 1999 Helping Formula
Personality of helper + Helping skills – Growth-facilitating conditions = Specific outcomes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Qualities of an Effective Helper
Personality
Roger (1981)—client’s perception of the counselor’s attitude is more important than the counselor’s theories and methods
Strong (1968)—counselors perceived as expert, attractive, and trustworthy
Corey et al. (2015)—positive model of personal growth and development
Beutler, Machado, and Neufeldt (1994)—emotional well-being, self disclosure, and optimism
Helping skills
Techniques, theories, and methods
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
14 Personal Characteristics of an Effective Counselor
Encouraging
Artistic
Emotionally stable
Empathic and caring
Self-aware
Self-acceptance
Positive self-esteem
Self-realization
Self-disclosure
Courageous
Patient
Nonjudgmental
Tolerance for ambiguity
Spirituality
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Types of Helpers
Mental health counselor
Marriage, child, and family counselor
Psychiatric social worker
Pastoral counselor
Clinical and counseling psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychiatric nurse
School counselor
School psychologist
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Key Pioneers
Freud: developed psychoanalysis
Adler: developed individual psychology
Jung: developed analytic psychology
Rogers: developed person-centered approach
Ellis and Beck: created cognitive-behavioral approach
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Key Historical Events
Vocational guidance movement: started career counseling
Standardized testing movement: sparked intelligence and placement testing
Mental health movement: provided advocacy and awareness of issues related to mental illness
National Defense Education Act: provided funds for training school counselors resulting in more trained counselors
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Emerging Trends in Counseling
Mindfulness-based approaches
Research
Multicultural counseling
Managed mental health services
Evidence-based treatment
Wellness
Positive psychology
Mental disorders
Spirituality
Cybercounseling
Technology
Problematic-impaired counseling students
Self-care for counselors
Counseling and neuroscience
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Trends
Mindfulness
Paying attention in the moment
Currently being integrated with positive psychology
Mediation strategies that focus on acceptance
Being used to treat trauma
Research
Emphasis on best practice
Evidence-based
Empirically supported
Multicultural counseling
Pull to reconceptualize counseling theories to address diversity
Advocacy skills to overcome oppression
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Trends
Managed mental health services
Began in the late 1980s
Organizations serving to oversee allocation of counseling services
Treatment challenges with number of sessions, treatment approaches, fees, and more
Evidence-based treatment
Research support strategies and methods
Used interchangeably with “best practices”
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Trends
Wellness
Holistic approach
Preventative model
Positive psychology
Emphasis on strengths and positive emotions
Strengths are incorporated into treatment goals
Mental disorders
Movement to look more into the role of genetics, neurobiology, psychopharmacology, sociology and technology to understand and treatment conditions
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Trends
Spirituality
Counselors are recognizing the importance of incorporating spirituality
Used to promote recovery and strength
Cybercounseling
Online methods for providing counseling
E-mail, bulletin boards, chatrooms, webcam, computer-assisted, e-coaching, text messaging, mind mapping
Privacy and ethical considerations
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Trends
Technology
Assists in providing information, forums, databases, and materials for interventions
Computer programs developed to act as counselor
Voice-activated technologies
Virtual self-help groups, referral help and counseling supervision
Problematic-impaired counseling students
Programs to assist students with professional deficiencies
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Trends
Self-care for counselors
Stressful profession
Burn-out prevention
Strategies for promoting well-being—exercise, social support, spiritual support, personal counseling
Counseling and neuroscience
Explores neurobiological bases of behavior
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc.
