ENVSCI

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars,

galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. While the spatial size of the

entire Universe is still unknown, it is possible to measure the observable universe. Mass (ordinary matter): At least 1053 kg

Age (within Lambda-CDM model): 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years

Main contents: Ordinary (baryonic) matter (4.9%); Dark matter (26.8%); Dark energy (68.3%)

Shape: Flat with only a 0.4% margin of error

Diameter: Unknown. Diameter of the observable universe: 8.8×1026 m (28.5 Gpc or 93 Gly)

Our Place in the Universe

The Ant 2 (Antlia 2) “ghost” galaxy is a large, dim dwarf satellite galaxy that scientists have discovered near the edge of the Milky Way. While low in mass, Ant 2 is about the same size as the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). V. Belokurov and A. Smith (Cambridge, UK and CCA, New York, US) based on the images by Marcus and Gail Davies and Robert Gendler

A global (ESA) space astrometry mission, Gaia (Greek Goddess of the Earth)will make the largest, most precise three- dimensional map of our Galaxy by surveying more than a thousand million stars.

There are about 51 galaxies in the Local Group, on the order of 100,000 in our Local Supercluster, and an estimated 100 billion in all of the observable universe.

The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way. … It consists of two collections of galaxies in a "dumbbell" shape: the Milky Way and its satellites form one lobe, and the Andromeda Galaxy and its satellites constitute the other. … The group itself is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster, which may be a part of the Laniakea Supercluster. The exact number of galaxies in the Local Group is unknown …; however, at least 80 members are known, most of which are dwarf galaxies.

The Milky Way … has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster. It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number of planets. The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years from the Galactic Center.

The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to 3.26 light-years or 206,000 astronomical units (au), i.e. 30.9 trillion kilometres (19.2 trillion miles).

A parsec (pc) is about

30,856,775,814,671,900

meters, or approximately

3.09 × 10¹³ km.

Our Position in Space and Time: How Did We Get Here?

This image released by NASA on July

12, 2022, shows the edge of a nearby,

young, star-forming region NGC 3324 in

the Carina Nebula. Captured in infrared

light by the Near-Infrared Camera

(NIRCam) on the James Webb Space

Telescope, this image reveals

previously obscured areas of star birth,

according to NASA. Photo courtesy

of NASA via AP

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope designed primarily to conduct infrared astronomy. As the largest optical telescope in space, its

high infrared resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too early, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope. This is expected to enable a broad range of

investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, such as observation of the first stars and the formation of the first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric

characterization of potentially habitable exoplanets.

The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) led JWST's design and development and partnered with two main agencies: the European Space Agency (ESA)

and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Maryland managed telescope development, the Space Telescope Science

Institute in Baltimore on the Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University operates JWST, and the prime contractor was Northrop Grumman. The telescope is

named after James E. Webb, who was the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 during the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs.

The James Webb Space Telescope was launched on 25 December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, and arrived at the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point in

January 2022 (about 1 million miles from the Earth). The first image from JWST was released to the public via a press conference on 11 July 2022. The telescope is the

successor of the Hubble as NASA's flagship mission in astrophysics.

https://www.wpr.org/part-latest-nasa-discovery-uw-madison-alum-reflects-james-webb-telescopes-breakthrough

The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun

directly, the largest are the eight planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, such as the five dwarf planets and sma ll Solar System bodies.

Known planets: 8 (Mercury; Venus; Earth; Mars; Jupiter; Saturn; Uranus; Neptune)

Star: 1 (Sun)

Nearest star: Proxima Centauri (4.25 ly); Alpha Centauri (4.37 ly)

Distance to Galactic Center: 27,000 ± 1,000 ly

The age of the solar system is near 5 billion years; that of the Earth is taken as 4.6 billion years. The oldest rocks on Earth are dated as 3.8 billion years.

The sun gives energy to life on Earth, and without this star, we wouldn't be here. But like most

things in space, even stars have limited lifetimes, and someday our sun will die.

Inside the sun, a churning fusion engine fuels the star, and it still has a lot of fuel left — about 5

billion years' worth.

The five bodies recognized or named as dwarf planets by the IAU: Ceres, Pluto, Eris and its moon Dysnomia, Makemake and its moon, Haumea and its two moons Namaka and Hiʻiaka.

Known natural satellites 575 Known minor planets 796,354 Known comets 4,143 Identified rounded satellites 19 (5–6 likely in hydrostatic equilibrium)

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006.

Earth as the only habitable planet in the solar system

Life on Earth first appeared as early as 4.28

billion years ago, soon after ocean formation

4.41 billion years ago, and not long after

the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years

ago. The earliest known life forms are

microfossils of bacteria (about 3.5 billion

years). Researchers generally think that

current life on Earth descends from an RNA

world, although RNA-based life may not have

been the first life to have existed. The classic

1952 Miller–Urey experiment and similar

research demonstrated that most amino acids,

the chemical constituents of the proteins used

in all living organisms, can be synthesized

from inorganic compounds under conditions

intended to replicate those of the early Earth.

Complex organic molecules occur in the Solar

System and in interstellar space, and these

molecules may have provided starting

material for the development of life on Earth.

The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in

the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in

which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated

before the evolution of DNA and proteins.

Dinosaurs may have been killed off by a comet

instead of an asteroid By Megan Marples, CNN

Updated 1:33 PM ET, Wed February 17, 2021 https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/17/world/dinosaur-extinction-comet-study-scn/index.html

(CNN)Dinosaurs might have been wiped out by a comet instead of an asteroid, a new study says. Harvard researchers theorized that a piece of a comet crashed into Earth over 66 million years ago to create the Chicxulub crater, according to a study published Monday in Scientific Reports. The Chicxulub crater is located on the Yucatán Peninsula of modern-day Mexico and spans about 110 miles. The impact that created the crater is linked to the Cretaceous- Paleogene extinction event, which killed off the dinosaurs and many other species, according to the study. …

Asteroid dust found at Chicxulub Crater confirms cause of dinosaurs’

extinction Although an asteroid impact has long been the suspected cause of the mass extinction 66 million

years ago, researchers think new evidence finally closes the case. By Jake Parks | Published: Friday, March 12, 2021

https://astronomy.com/news/2021/03/asteroid-dust-found-at-chicxulub-crater-confirms-cause-of-dinosaurs-extinction

Dinosaurs lived between about 245 and 66 million years ago, in a time known as the Mesozoic Era.

Homo sapiens

Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning

with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo

sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. This process involved the gradual developmentof

traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as interbreeding with other hominins.

The study of human evolution involves several scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology,

primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionarypsychology,

embryology and genetics. Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 millionyears

ago, in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.

Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidae family diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family

some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans

(Ponginae) about 14 million years ago; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped

genera, and chimpanzee) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between 8-9 million years ago; and, in turn, the

subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated 4-7.5 million years ago.

The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor.

15–20 million years ago

14 million years ago

8-9 million years ago

4-7.5 million years ago

15–20 million years ago

14 million years ago

8-9 million years ago

4-7.5 million years ago

The earliest fossils of modern humans are from about 200,000 years ago.

Hominins

0.2 Mya, H.sapiens

1.9 Mya, H.erectus

2.8 Mya, H.habilis

The earliest member of the genus Homo is Homo habilis which evolved around 2.8 million years ago. Homo

habilis is the first species for which we have positive evidence of the use of stone tools. They developed

the Oldowan lithic technology, named after the Olduvai Gorge in which the first specimens were found. Some

scientists consider Homo rudolfensis, a larger bodied group of fossils with similar morphology to the original H.

habilis fossils, to be a separate species while others consider them to be part of H. habilis—simply representing

intraspecies variation, or perhaps even sexual dimorphism. The brains of these early hominins were about the

same size as that of a chimpanzee, and their main adaptation was bipedalism as an adaptation to terrestrial

living.

0.6 Mya, H.heidelbergensis During the next million years, a process of encephalization began and, by the arrival (about 1.9 million years

ago) of Homo erectus in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled. Homo erectus were the first of the

hominins to emigrate from Africa, and, from 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago, this species spread through Africa,

Asia, and Europe. One population of H. erectus, also sometimes classified as a separate species Homo ergaster,

remained in Africa and evolved into Homo sapiens. It is believed that these species, H. erectus and H. ergaster,

were the first to use fire and complex tools.

The earliest transitional fossils between H. ergaster/erectus and archaic H. sapiens are from Africa, such

as Homo rhodesiensis, but seemingly transitional forms were also found at Dmanisi, Georgia. These

descendants of African H. erectus spread through Eurasia from ca. 500,000 years ago evolving into H.

antecessor, H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis. The earliest fossils of anatomically modern

humans are from the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago such as the Omo remains of Ethiopia; later

fossils from Es Skhul cave in Israel and Southern Europe begin around 90,000 years ago (0.09 million years ago).

As modern humans spread out from Africa, they encountered other hominins such as Homo neanderthalensis and

the so-called Denisovans, who may have evolved from populations of Homo erectus that had left Africa

around 2 million years ago. The nature of interaction between early humans and these sister species has been a

long-standing source of controversy, the question being whether humans replaced these earlier species or whether 4.0 Mya, Australopithecus they were in fact similar enough to interbreed, in which case these earlier populations may have contributed

genetic material to modern humans.

This migration out of Africa is estimated to have begun about 70,000 years BP and modern humans

subsequently spread globally, replacing earlier hominins either through competition or hybridization. They

inhabited Eurasia and Oceania by 40,000 years BP, and the Americas by at least 14,500 years BP.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa#/media/File:Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_AfricaEarly expansions of hominins out of Africa

Several expansions of populations of archaic humans (genus Homo) out of Africa and throughout Eurasia took place in the course of the Lower Paleolithic, and into the beginning Middle Paleolithic, between about 2.1

million and 0.2 million years ago (Ma). The earliest presence of Homo (or indeed any hominin) outside of Africa dates to close to 2 million years ago. A 2018 study claims human presence at Shangchen, central China, as

early as 2.12 Ma based on magnetostratigraphic dating of the lowest layer containing stone artefacts. The oldest known human skeletal remains outside of Africa are from Dmanisi, Georgia (Dmanisi skull 4), and are dated

to 1.8 Ma. These remains are classified as Homo erectus georgicus. Later waves of expansion are proposed around 1.4 Ma (early Acheulean industries), associated with Homo antecessor and 0.8 Ma (cleaver-

producing Acheulean groups, associated with Homo heidelbergensis). Until the early 1980s, early humans were thought to have been restricted to the African continent in the Early Pleistocene, or until about 0.8 Ma.

In 2007, divers found the nearly

intact skeleton of a 15- to 16-year- old girl they called Naia. Multiple methods used to date her teeth and bones suggests that she lived between 12,000 and 13,000 years ago.

https://www.archaeology.org/issues/161-1501/features/2793-mexico-cave-clovis-dna-naia

The earliest generally accepted

archaeological evidence for human

habitation in South America dates to

14,000 years ago, the Monte Verde site in Southern Chile.

Homo erectus were the first of the hominins to emigrate from Africa, and, from 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.

descendants of African H. erectus spread through Eurasia from ca. 500,000 years ago evolving into H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis.

Modern humans begun to migrate out of Africa about 70,000 years.

Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most

successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of

human history. A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a

society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging

(collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals).

Pygmy hunter-gatherers in the Congo Basin in 2014

Hunter-gatherers (yellow) in 2000 BC Mbendjele meat sharing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer

A 19th century engraving of an Indigenous Australian encampment.

Göbekli Tepe, the first known man made place of

worship, was erected by hunter-gatherers, in the

Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, dating back to

the 10th–8th millennium BCE (c. 11,500 years ago).

The first permanent settlements in West Jordan were found at Wadi an-Natuf dating

back to 12,500-9,500 BC. The Natuf Culture became dependent on wild cereals

because of climate change forcing them to develop true farming with plants such as

einkorn wheat, millet and spelt and breeding dogs, goats, sheep, pigs and cows. This

culture extended into Palestine, Jordan and Syria. Very similar cultures were also

found at the time in southeast Anatolia and northeast Iraq.

http://paleolithic-neolithic.com/overview/first-human-settlement/

Jericho, located in the

West Bank region of

the Middle East, is the

oldest continuously

inhabited city on the

planet (established

about 14,000 years

ago).

The 8000 BCE Tower of Jericho at the site of Tell es-Sultan.

History of Agriculture https://www.crestcapital.com/tax/history_of_agriculture

Agriculture is the production of food, fiber, animal feed, and other goods by

means of growing and harvesting plants and animals.

Humans invented agriculture during the Neolithic era, or the New Stone

Age, which occurred between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago. There were

eight Neolithic crops: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, lentils, bitter

vetch, hulled barley, chick peas, and flax.

By about 14,000 years ago, the first settlements built with stone began to appear, in modern-day Israel and Jordan. The inhabitants, sedentary hunter-gatherers called Natufians, buried their dead in or under their houses, just as Neolithic peoples did after them. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-seeds-of-civilization-78015429/

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as

permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Our Growing Ecological Footprints

Biocapability is the ability of the earth’s productive ecosystems to regenerate

the renewable resources used by a population, city, region, country, or the world

as well as to absorb the resulting wastes and pollution indefinitely.

How long will world's oil reserves last? 53 years, says BP

Hasan Jamali/AP/File Oil pumps are shown in the desert oil fields of Sakhir, Bahrain.

The world's oil reserves will last 53 more years at current

extraction rates, according to BP's annual report.

Rank Country Barrels (Billions of Barrels)

1 Venezuela 300,878

2 Saudi Arabia 266,455

3 Canada 169,709

4 Iran 158,400

5 Iraq 142,503

6 Kuwait 101,500

7 United Arab Emirates 97,800

8 Russia 80,000

9 Libya 48,363

10 United States 39,230

11 Nigeria 37,062

12 Kazakhstan 30,000

13 China 25,620

14 Qatar 25,244

15 Brazil 12,999

16 Algeria 12,200

17 Angola 8,273

18 Ecuador 8,273

19 Mexico 7,640

20 Azerbaijan 7,000

The World’s Largest Oil Reserves By Country https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-largest-oil-reserves-by-country.html

The world has 53.3 years left to find an alternative to oil before current proved reserves run dry, according to BP. Of course, nations are finding new oil – meaning that number is rising – but new extraction methods are costly and can pose environmental threats.

July 14, 2014

By Andy Tully OilPrice.com https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2014/0714/How-long-will-world-s-oil-reserves-last-53-years-says-BP

70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed

in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were

formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago).

Early crude production in the U.S.

Year Volume

1859 2,000 barrels (~270 t)

1869 4,215,000 barrels (~5.750×105 t)

1879 19,914,146 barrels (~2.717×106 t)

1889 35,163,513 barrels (~4.797×106 t)

1899 57,084,428 barrels (~7.788×106 t)

1906 126,493,936 barrels (~1.726×107 t)

The current level of U.S. crude oil

production as of September 2019

is 12,400.00 thousand barrels per day

(4,526,000,000 barrels/Year).

Global mean surface temperature from 1880 to 2018,

relative to the 1951–1980 mean. The black line is the

global annual mean, and the red line is the five-

year local regression line. The blue bars show a

95% confidence interval.

Average global temperatures from 2014 to 2018

compared to a baseline average from 1951 to 1980,

according to NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Global warming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

Historical sea level

reconstruction and projections

up to 2100 published in January

2017 by the U.S. Global Change

Research Program for the Fourth

National Climate Assessment.

As the climate change melts sea ice, the U.S.

Geological Survey projects that two-thirds

of polar bears will disappear by 2050.

A helicopter drops water on

a wildfire in California. Drought and higher

temperatures linked to climate change are

driving a trend towards larger fires.

Aerial view over southern Bangladesh

after the passage of cyclone Cyclone Sidr.

A combination of sea level rise and

increased rainfall from cyclones makes

countries more vulnerable to floods,

impacting people's livelihoods and health.

Scientist estimates that more than a billion

animals killed by Australian wildfires Jan. 8, 2020, 10:30 AM EST By Denise Chow https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/more-1-billion-animals-killed-australian-wildfires-n1112326

Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and

integration among people, companies, and governments

worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon,

globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion

which entails the integration of local and national economies into a

global, unregulated market economy. Globalization has grown due to

advances in transportation and communication technology. With

the increased global interactions comes the growth of

international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily

an economic process of interaction and integration that's associated

with social and cultural aspects. However, conflicts

and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and

modern globalization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization

The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the

beginning of the 15th century until the middle of the 17th century), is …

the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a

powerful factor in European culture and which was the beginning of globalization. It

also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe

of colonialism and mercantilism as national policies. Many lands previously unknown to

Europeans were discovered by them during this period, though most were already inhabited.

From the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of

invaders from previously unknown continents.

Global exploration started with the Portuguese discoveries of the Atlantic archipelagos of

Madeira and the Azores in 1419 and 1427, the coast of Africa after 1434 and the sea route to

India in 1498; and from the Crown of Castile (Spain), the trans-Atlantic voyages of

Christopher Columbus to the Americas between 1492 and 1502 and the

first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519–1522. These discoveries led to numerous naval

expeditions across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, and land expeditions in the

Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia that continued into the late 19th century, and ended with

the exploration of the polar regions in the 20th century.

European overseas exploration led to the rise of global trade and the European colonial

empires, with the contact between the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) and the New

World (the Americas and Australia) producing the Columbian exchange, a wide transfer of

plants, animals, food, human populations (including slaves), communicable

diseases and culture between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. … It also allowed

for the expansion of Christianity throughout the world: with the spread of missionary activity, it

eventually became the world's largest religion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery

European Control of the World, 1500-1950

1800 (37%)

1878 (67%)

1913 (84%)

All areas of the world that were ever part of

the British Empire. Current British Overseas

Territories have their names underlined in red.

During the Age of Discovery in

the 15th and 16th

centuries, Portugal and Spain

pioneered European

exploration of the globe, and in

the process established large

overseas empires. Envious of

the great wealth these empires

generated, England, France,

and the Netherlands began to

establish colonies and trade

networks of their own in

the Americas and Asia. A

series of wars in the 17th and

18th centuries with the

Netherlands and France left

England and then,

following union between

England and Scotland in

1707, Great Britain, the

dominant colonial power in

North America. It then became

the dominant power in

the Indian subcontinent after

the East India Company's

conquest of Mughal Bengal at

the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered

by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts

established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and,

for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the

world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km2 (13,700,000 sq mi), 24% of the Earth's total land

area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread.

every country’s major export Image: Bank of America Merrill Lynch

The map uses 2014 data from the CIA World Factbook. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/03/this-map-shows-every-country-s-major-export/

Rank Country (197 Countries & Regions)

Exports (millions of $)

Date of information

% of GDP

1 China 2,157,000 2017 EST. 19.6

2 United States 1,576,000 2017 EST. 11.9

3 Germany 1,401,000 2017 EST. 46.1

4 Japan 683,300 2017 EST. 16.1

5 South Korea 577,400 2017 EST. 42.2

6 France 551,800 2017 EST. 29.3

7 Netherlands 526,400 2017 EST. 82.4

8 Italy 499,100 2017 EST. 29.8

— Hong Kong 496,900 2017 EST. 187.4

9 United Kingdom 436,500 2017 EST. 28.3

10 Canada 433,000 2017 EST. 31.0

11 Mexico 406,500 2017 EST. 38.2

12 Singapore 372,900 2017 EST. 172.1

13 Taiwan 344,600 2017 EST. 60.3

14 Russia 336,800 2017 EST. 25.7

15 Switzerland 336,800 2017 EST. 65.8

list of countries by exports

Rank Country (207 Countries & Regions) Imports

(millions of $)

Date of information

1 United States $2,352,000 2017 est.

— European Union (excluding intra-EU trade) $1,895,000 2016 est.

2 China $1,731,000 2017 est.

3 Germany $1,104,000 2017 est.

4 Japan $625,700 2017 est.

5 France $624,900 2017 est.

6 United Kingdom $602,500 2017 est.

7 Hong Kong $558,600 2017 est.

8 South Korea $457,500 2017 est.

9 Canada $443,700 2017 est.

10 Netherlands $435,400 2017 est.

11 India $426,800 2017 est.

12 Italy $426,700 2017 est.

13 Mexico $417,300 2017 est.

14 Spain $333,400 2017 est.

15 Singapore $327,400 2017 est. List of countries by imports

Based on The World Factbook of the CIA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports

MIGRANT POPULATION (STOCKS)

258 Million INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS were counted globally in 2017 – people residing in a country other than

their country of birth. This represented 3.4% of the world’s total population.

LABOUR MIGRANTS 150.3 Million MIGRANT WORKERS were counted globally in 2015.

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

4.8 Million INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS were counted in 2016, up from 2 million in 2000.

REMITTANCES

$466 Billion OF REMITTANCES were sent to low- and middle-income countries in 2017. This is more than three

times the size of official development assistance.

DISPLACEMENT

68.5 Million INDIVIDUALS were forcibly displaced worldwide due to persecution, conflict, generalized violence,

human rights violations, or other reasons by the end of 2017.

INTEGRATION AND WELL-BEING

$ 6.7 Trillion CONTRIBUTION

Migrants contributed 6.7 trillion US dollars to global GDP in 2015 – a share of 9.4% of the total global GDP that year.

REFUGEES 25.4 Million REGISTERED REFUGEES were counted in 2017.

RESETTLEMENT 102,800 REFUGEES were admitted for resettlement worldwide in 2017.

Race and ethnicity highlights: https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/population-changes-nations-diversity.html

 The White population remained the largest race or ethnicity group in the United States, with 204.3 million (61.64%) people identifying as White alone. Overall, 235.4 million (71.02%) people reported White alone or in combination with another group. However, the White alone population decreased by 8.6% since 2010.

 The Two or More Races population (also referred to as the Multiracial population) has changed considerably since 2010. The Multiracial population was measured at 9 million people in 2010 and is now 33.8 million (10.2%) people in 2020, a 276% increase.

 The “in combination” multiracial populations for all race groups accounted for most of the overall changes in each racial category.

 All of the race alone or in combination groups experienced increases. The Some Other Race alone or in combination group (49.9 million) increased 129%, surpassing the Black or African American population (46.9 million) (14.15%) as the second-largest race alone or in combination group.

 The next largest racial populations were the Asian alone or in combination group (24 million) (7.24%), the American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination group (9.7 million) (2.93%), and the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone or in combination group (1.6 million) (0.48%).

 The Hispanic or Latino population, which includes people of any race, was 62.1 million (18.74%) in 2020. The Hispanic or Latino population grew 23%, while the population that was not of Hispanic or Latino origin grew 4.3% since 2010.

U.S.

Population

(April 1, 2020)

331,449,281

https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-2020-census-results-show-increased-diversity-countering-decade-long-declines-in-americas-white-and-youth-populations/

Map of USA highlighting US states and districts in which non-Hispanic whites currently are a minority or plurality (red) or were formerly a minority or plurality (green). States where non-Hispanic whites are currently less than 60% of the population are colored in pink. Green states were formerly majority minority, however by the 1930s, largely due to the Great Migration of African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, had gained a white majority.

The United States

Census

Bureau defines non-

Hispanic white

as white

Americans who are

not of Hispanic or

Latino ancestry (i.e.,

having ancestry

from Spain or Latin

America). At 197.2

million in 2012, non-

Hispanic whites

comprise 62.8% of the

total U.S. population.

State Value Alabama 66.4 Alaska 62.5 Arizona 56.7 Arkansas 73.7 California 39.0 Colorado 69.4 Connecticut 69.6 Delaware 64.1 District of Columbia 35.8 Florida 56.4 Georgia 54.8 Hawaii 23.0 Idaho 83.1 Illinois 62.7 Indiana 80.7 Iowa 87.6 Kansas 77.1 Kentucky 85.6 Louisiana 59.6 Maine 94.0 Maryland 53.3 Massachusetts 75.1 Michigan 76.1 Minnesota 81.9 Mississippi 57.5 Missouri 80.4 Montana 87.0 Nebraska 81.0 Nevada 52.2 New Hampshire 91.6 New Jersey 57.6 New Mexico 39.4 New York 57.2 North Carolina 64.4 North Dakota 87.3 Ohio 80.5 Oklahoma 67.5 Oregon 77.5 Pennsylvania 78.4 Rhode Island 75.3 South Carolina 63.9 South Dakota 83.3 Tennessee 74.9 Texas 44.0 Utah 79.7 Vermont 93.8 Virginia 63.6 Washington 71.0 West Virginia 92.7 Wisconsin 82.5 Wyoming 84.1

White alone, not Hispanic or Latino, percent, 2013 (%)

Value for the US (Percent): 62.6% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates Program (PEP). Updated annually. http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.html.

https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-2020-census-results-show-increased-diversity-countering-decade-long-declines-in-americas-white-and-youth-populations/

"Cultural mosaic" is the

mix of ethnic groups, languages,

and cultures that coexist within

society. The idea of a cultural

mosaic is intended to suggest a

form of multiculturalism, different

from other systems such as

the melting pot, which is often

used to describe nations like

the United States' assimilation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_mosaic