Review of Theoretical Interventions -APA-six scholarly sources 8-10 PAGES - MUST USE ATTACHMENTS

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Part 5: Intervention and Conclusion

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Vaccines, fear, lack of access in low-income communities

Conventionally, many people have persistently remained hesitant to use vaccines despite the existing data showing that vaccines have reduced disease prevalence in many countries. Consequently, the theoretical framework will provide an approach towards dealing with the problem by addressing reasons why some individuals are still hesitant to vaccination. Scholars have examined reasons for vaccine reluctance within different groups and found numerous issues that make people vaccine-hesitant. Vaccine hesitancy refers to the delay or refusal to use vaccines (Dubé et al., 2014).

One of the studies on vaccine hesitation; “Improving provider communication about HPV vaccines for vaccine-hesitant parents through the use of motivational interviewing” was conducted by (Reno et al., 2018). In the study, the authors evaluated the reasons why very few adolescents received the HPV vaccine. As part of the intervention, the researchers implemented an intervention aimed at improving provider communication with HPV vaccine-hesitant parents (Reno et al., 2018). Healthcare practitioners in eight pediatric and family clinics received communication training. The facilitators also educated the practitioners on motivational interviewing (MI) techniques (Reno et al., 2018). The intervention was evaluated using serial surveys and in the form of focus groups with participating providers and staff. The intervention’s results showed that using MI played a central role in improved HPV vaccine acceptance. The findings showed that a lack of communication between the healthcare practitioners and the parents resulted in vaccine hesitancy (Reno et al., 2018). The other reason stated by the authors leading to HPV hesitancy was a lack of regular recommendations for vaccines.

Another study was done by (Dubé et al., 2014) on mapping vaccine hesitancy, country-specific characteristics of a global phenomenon. The study aimed to map vaccine hesitancy in different countries. The study was initiated by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization to explain the decreasing trends in using vaccines globally. The authors conducted an interview study with immunization managers (IMs) to understand better the various causes and range of drug hesitancy in different countries. They conducted the interviews in thirteen countries with IMs between September and December 2013 (Dubé et al., 2014). The authors found that there were different issues in different countries that led to vaccine hesitancy. Some issues that caused vaccine hesitancy were mass immunization campaigns and religion (Dubé et al., 2014). The other issues the author found were causing vaccine hesitancy were socioeconomic status, vaccine safety, myths and misconception in form of rumors, vaccine accessibility, health care workers who do not believe vaccines are safe and effective, a lack of perceived benefit of vaccination due to the low prevalence of vaccine-preventable disease and media reports of the adverse effects caused by different vaccines (Dubé et al., 2014).

More researches suggest that vaccine hesitancy is a result of complex issues resulting from local, cultural, and social factors. (Wong et al., 2020) researched on vaccine hesitancy and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Malaysia, Southeast Asia. The research's goal was to determine factors that led to vaccine hesitation and how the Malaysian government would tackle the issues. They interviewed eight health professionals, including geriatricians, pediatricians, microbiologists, public health specialists, and family medicine specialists (Wong et al., 2020). They found that the reasons for refusing vaccines included anti-vaccination propaganda, the experience of adverse events following immunization, religious prohibition, beliefs in traditional medicine, pseudoscience beliefs, and anti-vaccine conspiracy theories (Wong et al., 2020). Religious prohibition, pseudoscience beliefs, and the belief in traditional medicines over vaccines were influenced by social, cultural, and religious perspectives (Wong et al., 2020). The professionals suggested that an electronic vaccination registry, increasing public awareness initiatives, providing feedback to the public on the findings of AEFI, training of front-line healthcare providers, and banning the dissemination of anti-vaccine information would help stakeholders in dealing with vaccine hesitancy (Wong et al., 2020).

The Theoretical Model

Vaccine Safety Concerns