Chemistry

Organic Reaction Mech/Mod Inst- CHEM 320

1. Write an abstract for the term paper

a. No more than 250 words.

b. Should also have Key Words

2. Make a Power Point suitable for very effective Virtual Presentation of this term paper. Include:

a. Goals

b. Objectives

c. Background

d. Importance of different types of spectroscopy and microscopy technologies as well as the role of bio-chemical structures and properties in virus diagnostics and control.

e. Data & Results

f. Conclusions

3. Itemized steps of process used to produce the Voice Over Text PowerPoint suitable for teaching an average middle school student.

Below is the term paper.

Goals

Various industries have suffered due to the global coronavirus pandemic, which has been proved to be a catastrophic clinical disaster. The airborne droplets of an infected person have been demonstrated to disseminate this virus, infecting other people. ICU patients have already exceeded the number of beds available because of a recent spike in infected people. As a result, circumstances have grown to become critical. The need to create diagnostic tools that can accurately identify the virus and stop the sickness from spreading is evident (Beghein & Gettemans, 2017). Early diagnosis and efficient early treatment are necessary to reduce the number of cases and prevent them from rising in the future. For diagnostic purposes, chest computed tomography scans and traditional techniques of detection, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, are realized as widely utilized approaches.

Some drawbacks noted from the current approaches include lengthy assay times and labor-intensive testing, a lack of sensitivity, and the inability of these resources to be accessed from afar. Due to such circumstances, COVID-19 infections need rapid, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic procedures to successfully address these challenges, which is among the goals this paper addresses. The implementations include paper and chip-based diagnostic devices for point-of-care biosensors that are fast, cost-effective, and easy to use. Besides, Nanotechnology-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are described in this article, which proves their efficiency and success—Surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensors and lateral flow assays foster quality energy transmission, thus efficient in their functions. Electrochemical biosensors and AI-based sensors all fall within this category. These are just a few examples of the representations endorsed for the particular implementation to help fight the pandemic effectively. Besides, other related uses and approaches like Graphene oxide, nanoparticles, and quantum dots are all biomolecules that might be utilized to detect molecules on a suitable substrate. DNA, antibodies/enzymes, and aptamers are some of the biomolecules in this list. An effective biosensor may be developed with the right mix of nanomaterials and technology. These will drastically help in the process of fighting the pandemic, which is the prioritized issue.

Objectives

Nanomaterials can be used as transducers in many applications due to their outstanding stability in a wide range of media and their biocompatibility with physiological fluids. Besides their surface chemistry and high surface energy, nanoparticles also have a tremendous amplification influence on signals (Campos et al., 2020). This is only one of the many advantages of nanomaterials. A growing number of biosensor applications rely on using gold and silver nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and graphene, photonic crystals, nanogels, and microscopic gels. Nano-carbon-based atoms have previously been shown to be a suitable substrate for detecting bacteria using various approaches, such as electrochemistry and piezoelectric spectroscopy and the production of microfluidic-based diagnostic kits.

A bioassay is another name for it. From its function, a biosensor is used to detect analytes in liquids, solutions, and physiological fluids in a mixture with a biorecognition component and a physical transducer. Transducer electronics convert signals from analytes and biological constituents into a form that can be measured or quantifiably measured. Bio recognition elements include nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA), proteins (enzymes and antibodies), and entire cells and tissues. In contrast, physical transducers include optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric transducers. Biosensor components in large quantities may be produced to meet client demand. This will make it useful and efficient in fighting the pandemic.

Background

The function of the respective implementation may be realized as follows; Tests carried out with implements or bands at a patient's home or a healthcare facility are referred to as "point-of-care" tests. Since a biochemical assay is used to determine a pathogen's presence, the biosensor is critical to Point-of-Care testing. With Point-of-Care testing, some advantages include tests that can be carried out anywhere and in any format are essential, as is the capacity to accommodate a wide range of medical needs.

Diagnosis at the point of care does not necessitate sending samples to a laboratory for examination. An LFA for recognizing SARS-CoV-2 is now being developed as a Point-of-Care approach for diagnosing COVID-19. The device's reliability and sensitivity are improved when an LFA is used with nanoparticles (Rai et al., 2020). The test line includes the nanoparticle-conjugated antibody, while the control line contains antibodies known as the control. Lateral flow strips are made of a paper-like membrane commonly constructed of nitrocellulose and covered with two lines. Antibodies can be detected and captured with the use of lateral flow strips. Using capillary action, analytes are dragged over a strip of the membrane after being put on a sample pad, also known as a membrane—antigens in the analyte bound to the conjugate as it travels down the first test line. The conjugate then travels farther across the membrane.

Spectroscopy is a vital tool for scientific learning, with presentations ranging from descriptions to astronomy and prescriptions. To describe spectroscopic methods, wavelength range, interaction type, and material type are often used terms. At this time, the most effective way to examine the vibrational and rotational modes of molecules is by infrared spectroscopy, which makes use of photons with an energy similar to those of molecular vibration. The ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) sections of the electromagnetic range depict atoms and molecules' electron energy state changes. To identify the compounds contained in a sample, ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy can be utilized to examine the electrical arrangement of molecules. NMR spectroscopy is used to study atomic nuclei because it monitors the magnetic fields. When radio waves stimulate atomic nuclei in a sample, they may be detected using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Radio receivers with great sensitivity can detect when nuclei begin to vibrate.

Importance

The use of numerous microscope lenses allows for greater magnification without sacrificing the clarity of the image. The microscope field of view, which is unique from lens magnification, must also be determined to precisely ration the size of the sample. Most microscopes have binocular lenses, which are made up of two lenses and a prism that divides the image seen via the two oculars of the microscope (Sommer et al., 2018). Binocular lenses are also common. Large telescopic glass with a smaller focal size and a small, curved mirror with a short central length make up the basic microscope. The complex microscope is the supreme corporate kind of microscope used currently, and its mechanism has already been explained. What it is: A compound media sandwiched between two microscopes or cameras with a compound lens or camera attached to each (Campos et al. 2020). This optical microscopy device, often known as a dissecting microscope or stereoscopic microscope, is designed for low magnification imaging of biological specimens under stereoscopic circumstances. Instead of transferring light via its medium, it does it by reflecting it off the specimen's surface. This type of scanning electron microscope is becoming more and more popular. A scanning electron microscope uses a high-powered electron beam to produce images of a sample.

Viral tests are used to identify viruses that cause infection. Live cells are the only environment in which viruses may replicate. The body's immune system is harmed due to the destruction or damage to the cells they infect. They can trigger alterations in a cell's genetic material (DNA), which might lead to inflammation and organ damage, all of which could result in sickness (Campos et al. 2020). The human immunodeficiency virus, cold sores, chickenpox, measles, influenza (flu), and some kinds of cancer are only a few diseases produced by viruses (Sommer et al., 2018). Blood is drawn from a patient's arm using a needle, which is a common practice. An infected tissue sample, such as a skin scrape from the patient, can be taken straight for testing. Fecal or nasal wash samples may be required to identify the source. To get a spinal fluid sample, a lumbar puncture might be performed.

Data and results

Every aspect of epidemic prevention and control relies on a wide range of communication and surveillance measures and enough resources. In this context, the processing supremacy, hardware to advance electronic recording, Point-of-Care analysis, compilation of epidemiological databases, and, most importantly, a connection of smartphones has been rated particularly advantageous. Smartphones can give real-time information that can aid in integrating and executing effective control measures throughout the world. Aside from risk-free unswerving communication between patients and practitioners, smartphones also make it possible and easy to communicate field data with public health databases to regulate and observe epidemics (Ruiz‐Hitzky et al., 2020). Smartphone components, like camera lenses or LED lights, might be used to monitor people or do diagnostic examinations using statistical analysis or data-basing. Thermal scanning and body temperature observation due to tenderness for diagnosing common coronavirus symptoms, such as fever, have been developed and are now being tested with cellphones equipped with forward-facing infrared radars for thermal scanning.

As a result of cutting-edge technology, SARS-CoV-2 has been diagnosed with astonishing precision. As a result, the number of tests done each day throughout the world has increased significantly, allowing for a better understanding of the disease's severity. It takes 4–6 hours to receive results using RT-PCR, making it the most time-consuming technique currently on the market. It's critical to promote nanotechnology and microfluidics in point-of-care testing as much as possible to streamline and broaden testing. In the case of a medical emergency, these technologies should be further improved to be deployed swiftly.

COVID-19 sparked the development of a wide range of portable, reliable, sensitive, rapid, and user-friendly detection devices (Weiss et al., 2020). Serology-based testing is another option, which is outlined below (SBT). An immune response to viral infection can be assessed using this blood-based method. This test measures the level of antibodies and protein in an infected person's blood when the body reacts to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. A trustworthy SBT is strongly recommended since the study of immune response discloses critical data related to COVID-19. An evaluation of a community's level of immunity would greatly benefit from this knowledge. FDA-approved kits include an SBT for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in blood samples, characterized as follows: On the other hand, SBTs (86.66 percent) are less sensitive than qRT-PCR and LAMP techniques, which are highly sensitive (both of which are available).

Conclusion

This family of coronaviruses, which includes SARS and MERS-CoV, is highly contagious and spreads quickly. The 2019-nCoV infection has so far had no successful treatment or immunization. Handling this unusual virus under biosafety level 3 conditions involves developing creative techniques due to its highly contagious nature and the absence of accessible vaccines. Scientists are developing vaccines and drugs to combat the virus as a preventative measure. There is nothing more needed than preserving social distance, personal hygiene, face masks, surface sanitization while visiting afflicted regions, and the identification and isolation of sick people.

It would be helpful to have a reference sequence for 2019-nCoV to overcome the limitations of the synthetic nucleic acid method, which has limited sensitivity (Weiss et al., 2020)—as a result, having the 2019-nCoV genome sequenced can be incredibly useful for a variety of purposes, including future biological research and clinical surveillance as well as studies into 2019-nCoV infections and alterations to the genome sequence. Numerous studies must be carried out to improve the sensitivity, specificity/selectivity, or both of the available diagnostic tests, which can sometimes provide positive or negative false outcomes. Diagnostic and detection processes that are specific and sensitive yet do not yield positive or negative false results and must be addressed to be designed as possibly practical.

References

Beghein, E., & Gettemans, J. (2017). Nanobody technology: a versatile toolkit for microscopic imaging, protein-protein interaction analysis, and protein function exploration. Frontiers in immunology, 8, 771.

Campos, E. V., Pereira, A. E., De Oliveira, J. L., Carvalho, L. B., Guilger-Casagrande, M., De Lima, R., & Fraceto, L. F. (2020). How can nanotechnology help to combat COVID-19? Opportunities and urgent need. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 18(1), 1-23.

Rai, M., Bonde, S., Yadav, A., Plekhanova, Y., Reshetilov, A., Gupta, I., ... & Ingle, A. P. (2020). Nanotechnology-based promising strategies for the management of COVID-19: current development and constraints. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 1-10.

Ruiz‐Hitzky, E., Darder, M., Wicklein, B., Ruiz‐Garcia, C., Martín‐Sampedro, R., Del Real, G., & Aranda, P. (2020). Nanotechnology responses to COVID‐19. Advanced healthcare materials, 9(19), 2000979.

Weiss, C., Carriere, M., Fusco, L., Capua, I., Regla-Nava, J. A., Pasquali, M., ... & Delogu, L. G. (2020). Toward nanotechnology-enabled approaches against the COVID-19 pandemic. ACS Nano, 14(6), 6383-6406.

Sommer, S., Koch, M., & Adams, A. (2018). Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride). Analytical Chemistry, 90(4), 2409-2413.