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IndustrialRevolution1.pptxTHE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1760 - 1840
Historical Significance
An ancient Greek or Roman would have recognized daily life in Europe in the early 1700s
Agriculture and technology had changed little in 2000+ years
The Industrial Revolution changed human life dramatically and permanently
More technological advances were made in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history
DOMESTIC System
Under the domestic system:
A woman selected fabric and had a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress.
Factory System
Replaces the domestic system of production
Under the factory system:
The factory owner bought large lots of fabrics and workers created multiple dresses in common sizes for women to buy.
The Industrial Revolution
Transportation improved
Canals
Ships
Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
Trains
Communication improved
Telegraph
Canals vs Railroads
Look at the map on the following slide
Why are the states east of the Mississippi River shaped so oddly?
Why are the states west of the Mississippi River more square shaped?
RAILROADS
Convict labor was utilized during the construction of the Western North Carolina Railroad. The state of North Carolina leased the convicts to the rail company, and 3,500+ men worked on the rail line; the majority were African-Americans. The work was hazardous with several men laying the rail line, grading, and the excavating tunnels. 450+ died during the railroad's construction.
Each mile of track required approximately 2500 cross ties.
A wooden railroad tie, which weighs 200 pounds and is nine feet long, typically lasts 40 to 70 years.
total mileage:
| 1830 | 1840 | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | |
| Canals | 1,277 | 3,326 | 3,698 | ||
| Railroads | 73 | 3,328 | 8,879 | 30,636 | 50,000 |
Effects OF THE Railroad
Further Industrial Growth
New Jobs
Boosted agriculture and fishing industries
People able to take jobs in distant cities
People able to travel further
Transportation Revolution
| Robert Fulton (American) | Thomas Telford & John McAdams (British) | George Stephenson (English) |
| Steamboat (1807) | Macadamized roads (1810-1830) | Locomotive (1825) |
| Faster water transportation | Better Roads | Sped land transport of people and goods |
Steamboat
Roads
LOCOMOTIVE
Thomas Edison
NIKOLATESLA
VS.
which was a more profound discovery – Edison’s Direct Current (DC) electricity or Tesla’s Alternating Current (AC) electricity?
Ultimately, the “War of Currents” may have ended in a tie, as many electronic devices still require both AC and DC technologies to work together simultaneously
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Agricultural REVOLTUION
Eli Whitney – Cotton gin (1793) – Increased cotton production
Cyrus McCormick – Mechanical reaper (1834) – Increased wheat production
Other inventions: Horse-drawn hay rake, threshing machine, steel plow, steam engines, gasoline and diesel engines
Electric motors were added to farm machinery as these types of engines were invented.
Agricultural REVOLUTION
Agriculture became a science & research began
Established agricultural societies, experimental stations, and schools (such as OSU)
Progress
Pesticides, stock breeding, new foods, food preservation, new farming techniques and irrigation methods, frozen foods
Results
Today, in the industrialized world, more food is grown by far fewer farmers than 200 years ago.
Notes: A good topic of discussion might focus on the modern taste for organic foods which do not emphasize technology. Question: What methods and technologies of the Agricultural Revolution do organic farmers utilize? How might our lives be different if we lived 200 years ago, when food was costlier and could not be easily preserved? Another point of discussion could focus on the differences in agricultural production between the industrialized and non-industrialized world.
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Pliny says: "After seed is put in the ground harrows with long teeth are drawn over it.“
The spike tooth harrow of the early settlers in the west was so simple in construction that the frame was usually homemade or made to order at the village wagon-maker's, the teeth being forged of iron by the village blacksmith. Aside from changes in frame and manner of hitching, the only improvement of which this harrow was susceptible was giving the point of the teeth a backward pitch to thus make them more effective in smoothing the surface and crushing clods.
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SPIKE-TOOTH HARROW
The peg-tooth harrow, also called a spike-tooth harrow, is a secondary tillage implement. Several implements are used after a field is plowed to finish preparing the soil for planting. Various implements will turn, chop or pulverize the soil and organic material into smaller pieces. A peg-tooth harrow will uproot small weeds and smooth the soil, to help eliminate a rough surface left by more aggressive tillage implements.
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SPRING-TOOTH HARROW
invented by David L. Garver, of Hart, Mich., and patented in 1869.
D. C. Reed, of Kalamazoo, became interested in the harrow, and endeavored to establish the manufacture of it. Finding Carver's invention incomplete, he improved it by the addition of an adjustable clip for holding the teeth in any position desired, which he patented in 1877. This improvement made the new implement a successful one, and the demand for it became general among the farmers, especially in the eastern and central states.
2008 MODEL – SELLING FOR $28,000
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“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Power Loom
The Spinning Jenny
WAS THE “PROGRESS” ALL BENEFICIAL??
Cotton Gin led to the spread of slavery
1830 - US produced approx. 750,000 bales of cotton
1850 - widespread use of the COTTON GIN
2.85 million bales produced
Increased cotton production larger cotton plantations need for more slaves
1860 – South provided 2/3 of the world’s cotton supply
New York City, 1900: “When a horse died, its carcass would be left to rot until it had disintegrated enough for someone to pick up the pieces. Children would play with dead horses lying in the street.”
Columbia University professor David Rosner
