report about sustainable energy

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

SYSTEMS

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents: List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction: .................................................................................................................................. 2

Energy Audit of New Castle House: .............................................................................................. 2

House Description: .................................................................................................................... 2

Electronic Appliances & Energy Consumption: ......................................................................... 3

Cost of Energy Consumption: ................................................................................................... 5

Potential Saving in Electricity: ....................................................................................................... 5

Energy Saving in Refrigerators: ................................................................................................ 6

Energy Saving in Washing Machine & Dryers: ......................................................................... 6

Energy Saving in Electric Oven: ............................................................................................... 7

Energy Saving in Lighting Load: ............................................................................................... 7

Energy Saving in Water Heating & Space Heating: .................................................................. 7

Summary of Energy and Cost Saving: .......................................................................................... 7

Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 8

References: ................................................................................................................................... 9

List of Tables: Table 1. Household appliances with their wattage and average daily usage ............................... 4

Table 2. Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year) by the household appliances ........ 4

Table 3. Cost of energy consumption by the appliances annually ................................................ 5

Table 4. Potential saving in energy consumption and saving in energy cost ............................... 8

2 | P a g e

Sustainable Energy System

Introduction: In any modern societies in the world there are continuously increasing concerns over availability

of energy, energy consumption efficiency and reduction in losses over network. In developed

countries it is a challenging task to achieve sustainability in energy efficiency and growth. On the

other hand for developing countries challenge is to achieve self-reliance and energy

independence. But in both the cases the gap between supply and demand of energy has

narrowed down over the years. Within household the most common form of energy is electricity.

Consumption of electricity therefore serves as an indicator of economic development of a society.

Higher income of individual results in ownership of more electronic and electric appliances thereby

resulting in growth in electricity consumption. Over time due to arrival of newer and cheaper

electronic appliances in market consumption of electricity has increased non-linearly making

conservation of energy an extremely critical concern (Brems et al, 2016). Individual consumers

are advised on the usage of specific electrical appliances as well as adoption to different

adjustments. In doing so it is necessary to first estimate the energy consumption pattern over

time. With energy sustainability becoming concern for researchers, policy makers, industries as

well as for common people it becomes essential to achieve conservation of energy efficiently.

This is especially true for energy generated from non-renewable resources (DOE, 2011).

Energy audit in general refers to the systematic process in order to obtain required knowledge on

profile of energy consumption by any individual or building or society or commercial and industrial

applications. Energy audit is also intended to identify and quantify opportunities or measures of

energy saving and to report the observations or conclusions in the form specific documents (HC

552, 2016).

Energy Audit of New Castle House: House Description: In this report energy audit is carried out for a New Castle house which is let out for students. This

house is located at Murton House, Grainger Street, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 5JQ.

This house consists of two bedrooms for students. It contains a bright and big living room with a

LCD TV mounted on wall. The kitchen in this house is equipped fully with all electronic appliances.

It also contains a dishwasher which is a major consumer of electricity. There are LCD TVs

3 | P a g e

mounted in both the bedrooms. The laundry room is common and it contains three washing

machines and three dryers. All the rooms in this house are equipped with substantial electrical

lightings.

Electronic Appliances & Energy Consumption: This report is intended to carry out a thorough energy audit in terms of consumption of energy.

This will not only provide an indication about the energy consumption pattern but also will point

out the possible scope of energy saving. This audit will also identify possible scopes of sustainable

energy implementation.

In the house under analysis following appliances are identified as energy consumers:

• Refrigerator

• Washing machine

• Dryer for clothes

• Electric Oven

• Dishwasher

• Water heating

• Room heating

• Computer and laptop

• LCD Television

• Room lightings

• Electric kettle

• Electric cooker

• Microwave oven

Following table summarizes wattage and average daily usage of these appliances in the house

under consideration:

Household Appliance Wattage (W) Average Daily Usage (hour) Refrigerator 160 5

Washing machine 350 1

Dryer for clothes 500 2

Dishwasher 350 2

Microwave oven 700 0.5

Cooker 1000 0.5

4 | P a g e

Electric Oven 800 1.5

Room Lighting 50 8

Electric Kettle 500 0.5

LCD television 200 4

Computer and laptop 150 4

Space heating 550 2

Water heating 800 0.5

Table 1. Household appliances with their wattage and average daily usage

Therefore based on the wattage and average daily usage kWh of the appliance is calculated using

the following relationship = (wattage * daily usage)*365/1000. Using this relationship kWh of the

appliances are calculated and listed in the following table:

Household Appliance Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year)

Refrigerator 292

Washing machine 127.75

Dryer for clothes 365

Dishwasher 255.5

Microwave oven 127.75

Cooker 182.5

Electric Oven 438

Room Lighting 146

Electric Kettle 91.25

LCD television 292

Computer and laptop 219

Space heating 401.5

Water heating 146

Table 2. Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year) by the household appliances

5 | P a g e

Cost of Energy Consumption: Now average cost of electricity in the City of New Castle is assumed to be 12.5 pence/kWh

(Intertek, 2012). Therefore cost of electricity for individual appliance is calculated and presented

in the following table:

Household Appliance Average annual energy cost (£) Refrigerator 36.5

Washing machine 15.96875

Dryer for clothes 45.625

Dishwasher 31.9375

Microwave oven 15.96875

Cooker 22.8125

Electric Oven 54.75

Room Lighting 18.25

Electric Kettle 11.40625

LCD television 36.5

Computer and laptop 27.375

Space heating 50.1875

Water heating 18.25

Table 3. Cost of energy consumption by the appliances annually

From the above analysis it is observed that total energy consumption in the house under analysis

is 3084.25 kWh. Now it is already mentioned that cost of energy per kWh is 12.5 pence. Hence

total cost of energy annually is calculated to be = 3084.25*12.5/100 = 385.53 £. Therefore, on

average this house spends 32.13 £ per month as energy consumption charge. This amount is

substantially high and thereby it suggests to implement alternate energy sources for reduction in

energy cost (Intertek, 2012).

Potential Saving in Electricity: This report is intended to find out potential scopes of energy saving in daily energy consumption.

There are several ways for saving energy in daily applications. These include replacement of the

existing appliances with new low wattage appliances. Apart from that there are several appliances

6 | P a g e

which are kept at standby mode consuming substantial electricity. These energy saving measures

can be summarized as follows:

• Replacement of the existing high wattage appliances with low wattage innovative and new

appliances

• Usage of CFL for all lighting loads

• For computer and audiovisual appliances reduction in standby power

• Replacing all desktops with Laptop (Mckay et al, 2014)

In last few years apart from the above conventional measures of energy saving there are some

innovative appliances named “smart appliances” are introduced in the market. Based on the

energy usage pattern of the users these appliances manage their operations and energy demand.

These appliances are also able to integrate supply of renewable energy based on user energy

demand. All the appliance manufacturers have invested substantially in their R&D programs for

the development of smart appliances in last few years (Chhetri et al, 2014).

Energy Saving in Refrigerators: One of the major electricity consumers with annual consumption of 292 kWh is resulted from

refrigerators. It is observed that the refrigerator in use is in 3-star energy category. Therefore it is

recommended that usage of 5-star category of refrigerator will lower energy consumption. From

the database of different appliance manufacturers it is observed that approximately 20% energy

saving is possible by replacing a 3-star refrigerator with a 5-start one (Intertek, 2012). Hence in

this house potential energy saving in refrigerator is = (292*0.2) kWh = 58.4 kWh. This results in

annual cost saving of approximately = (58.4*12.5)/100 £ = 7.3 £.

Energy Saving in Washing Machine & Dryers: In this work it is identified that washing machine and dryers in use are conventional and

substantially high in energy conservation. In market there are some innovative and intelligent

appliances which make use of ‘Artificial Intelligence’ to optimize energy consumption. Best on the

clothing, level of humidity, temperature etc. these appliances optimize energy consumption.

According to the case studies smart appliances reduce consumption on average by 15% (Intertek,

2012). Now total energy consumption by washing machine and dryers is = 127.75 + 365 = 492.75

kWh. Hence potential saving in electricity = (492.75*0.15) kWh = 73.91 kWh. This results in annual

cost saving of approximately = (73.91*12.5)/100 £ = 9.24 £.

7 | P a g e

Energy Saving in Electric Oven: Annual energy consumption of electric oven is 127.75 kWh. Now this can be replaced entirely by

biogas produced from household wastes. Now this require new installation of biogas production

plant thereby requiring substantial initial investment. But over time it will soon reach break-even

point and then ensure saving in energy cost (DOE, 2011). After achieving break-even point

potential annual saving in energy cost = (127.75*12.5)/100 = 15.97 £.

Energy Saving in Lighting Load: To reduce the energy consumption by the room lighting the most useful measure is to make use

of solar panels. Based on the average number of sunny days over the year it is possible to reduce

lighting energy consumption by 30 – 40 %. For analysis in this report average reduction in lighting

load is assumed to be 35% (Intertek, 2012). Therefore out of total 146 kWh of energy consumption

potential saving in energy through renewable solar panels is = (146*0.35) = 51.1 kWh. Hence

saving in energy cost = (51.1*12.5)/100 = 6.39 £.

Energy Saving in Water Heating & Space Heating: Usage of solar water heaters on rooftop of building has substantial potential energy saving

capability. This renewable solar energy heated water can be circulated through pipes in the rooms

of house can significantly lower energy consumption in space heating. On average it is possible

to reduce energy consumption by around 30% through these measures (DOE, 2011). Hence

potential saving space heating = (401.5*0.3) = 120.45 kWh whereas potential saving in water

heating = (146*0.3) = 43.8 kWh. Therefore annual energy cost saving in space heating =

(120.45*12.5)/100 = 15.06 £ and in water heating = (43.8*12.5)/100 = 5.48 £.

Summary of Energy and Cost Saving: From the above analysis saving in energy and corresponding saving in energy cost can be

summarized in the following table:

Household Appliance Saving in annual energy consumption (kWh)

Saving in annual energy cost (£)

Refrigerator 58.4 7.3

Washing machine &

Dryers

73.91 9.24

Electric Oven 127.75 15.97

Room Lighting 51.1 6.39

8 | P a g e

Space heating 120.45 15.06

Water heating 43.8 5.48

Total Saving 475.41 59.44

Table 4. Potential saving in energy consumption and saving in energy cost

Conclusion: In this report energy audit is carried out for a house located at Murton House, Grainger Street,

Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 5JQ. All the household appliances used in this house, corresponding

wattage, annual energy consumption and corresponding energy cost are documented in this audit

report. Based on this audit report several potential energy saving measures using smart

appliances, optimized usage, renewable energy sources such as biogas, solar energy etc. are

identified and quantified. Through this analysis potential annual energy saving an cost of energy

saving are also presented in this report.

9 | P a g e

References: • Brems, A. Steele, E. Papadamou, A., 2016. A Study on Energy Efficiency in Enterprises:

Energy Audits and Energy Management Systems. [ONLINE] Available at:

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/EED-Art8-

Energy%20audits%20recommendations-Task%205-report%20FINAL.pdf. [Accessed 2

November 2018].

• Chhetri, R. Wangchuk, K. Sastry, M. K. S., 2014. Home Energy Audit- A case study of

Phuentsholing, Bhutan. [ONLINE] Available at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269305313_Home_Energy_Audit_A_Case_Study_

of_Phuentsholing_Bhutan. [Accessed 4 November 2018].

• DOE., 2011. UK Renewable Energy Roadmap. [ONLINE] Available at:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da

ta/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf. [Accessed 27 October 2018].

• HC 552., 2016. Home energy efficiency and demand reduction. [ONLINE] Available at:

https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmenergy/552/552.pdf. [Accessed

30 October 2018].

• Intertek., 2012. Household Electricity Survey A study of domestic electrical product usage.

[ONLINE] Available at:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da

ta/file/208097/10043_R66141HouseholdElectricitySurveyFinalReportissue4.pdf. [Accessed 6

November 2018].

• Mckay, D. Rauscher, R., 2014. ESD Strategies at the Local Government Level: Case Study

of the City of Newcastle. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.576.1972&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

[Accessed 4 November 2018].