Management essay
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IndividualDifferences.pptxIndividual Differences
Chapter 3 | Slide 1
Some differences are relatively stable
Other differences are relatively flexible
Broad category used to collectively describe the vast number of attributes that describe a person
Some are relatively stable
- over time
- across situations
- difficult to change
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Flexible versus Fixed
Emotions & attitudes
versus
intelligence & personality
Chapter 3 | Slide 2
States versus Traits
Intelligence (IQ) is relatively fixed, though some indication it can be increased
2
Intelligence
Chapter 3 | Slide 3
What is Intelligence?
An individual’s capacity for:
Problem solving
Reasoning
Constructive thinking
Though intelligence is trait-like, it can be increased with practice
Multiple types of intelligence
Practical
Linguistic
Emotional
Spatial
Interpersonal (others)
Intrapersonal (self)
3
Personality
Chapter 3 | Slide 4
What is Personality?
Combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities
Interacting genetic and environmental influences
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Personality
Chapter 3 | Slide 5
Big Five Personality Dimensions
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience
5 basic dimensions that simplify more complex models of personality
A person’s scores on the Big Five are unique
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Personality – Proactive Personality
Chapter 3 | Slide 6
Someone who…
relatively unconstrained by situational forces
affects environmental change
Identifies opportunities
Acts on opportunities
Takes action
Perseveres until meaningful change occurs
6
Personality – Traits & Performance
Chapter 3 | Slide 7
Conscientiousness has the strongest effect on
job performance
job satisfaction
Extraversion is a stronger predictor of job performance than agreeableness
Employees with proactive personalities are more likely to be engaged
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Personality
Chapter 3 | Slide 8
Personality Testing is common in the Workplace
The typical personality test _______ a valid predictor of job success:
Test takers do not describe themselves accurately
Tests are bought off the shelf
Tests are given by untrained employees
Meant to measure personality, not the individual differences needed to perform a particular job
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Core Self Evaluations
Chapter 3 | Slide 9
Self-Efficacy
A person’s belief about his / her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task
Self-efficacy can be developed
Core Self-Evaluations (CSEs) are a broad personality trait comprised of four narrow and positive individual traits:
Generalized self-efficacy
Self esteem
Locus of control
Emotional stability
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Core Self Evaluations
Chapter 3 | Slide 10
Self-Esteem
Personal achievement and praise
Prolonged unemployment and destructive feedback
A general belief about self-worth
Self esteem is relatively stable over a lifetime
Very small gender differences
deemphasize self-esteem when doing business in collectivist (“we”) cultures, as opposed to emphasizing it in individualistic (“me”) cultures.
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Core Self Evaluations – Locus of Control
Chapter 3 | Slide 11
Locus of Control is a relatively stable personality characteristic
Describes how much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its consequences
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Core Self Evaluations
I make things happen
Look what I can do
I determine my future
Why do things happen to me?
Why bother
I can’t control my future
Internal Locus of Control
External Locus of Control
Chapter 3 | Slide 12
Chapter 3 | Slide 13
Emotions are:
Complex, relatively brief responses aimed at a target:
Person
Information
Experience
Event
Nonevent
Emotions
researchers draw a distinction between felt and displayed emotions.
Feel threatened
Display tears
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Chapter 3 | Slide 14
Emotions – Past versus Future
About what happened or did not happen in the past
A retrospective emotion
Anger
Afraid of things that might happen in the future
A prospective emotion
Fear
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Chapter 3 | Slide 15
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence is the ability to
monitor emotions: one’s own & those of others
discriminate among those emotions
use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.
Referred to by some as EI and others as EQ,
Emotional intelligence is a mixture of personality and emotions and has four key components:
1. Self-awareness
2. Self-management
3. Social awareness
4. Relationship management
The first two are personal competence and the second two are social competence.
Results of EI research are mixed. To date, the research is not clear.
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Managing Differences
Chapter 3 | Slide 16
Managers have little or no impact on fixed individual differences:
Intelligence
Personality
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Managing Differences
Chapter 3 | Slide 17
Managers can help employees manage flexible differences:
Attitudes
Emotions
Flexible individual differences that influence individual-level work outcomes:
Performance
Job satisfaction
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