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IndiaandPakistan-SEAsia1.pptCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
India and Pakistan
Early Societies in South Asia
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Early and Paleolithic Cultures
- Ancestors of the human species
- Homo erectus (“Java Man” and “Peking Man”)
- Used stone tools
- By 1.7 mya
- Homo sapiens ca. 70, 000 in India
- Early culture
- Use of fire and weapons
- Creation of cave paintings
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The Neolithic Revolution ca. 10, 000 b.c.e in India
- Elements of civilization
- Permanent settlements (cities), increase in population, accumulation of surpluses, writing, and specialization
- Early cradles of civilization
- Southwest Asia in the Tigris-Euphrates region of Mesopotamia, Indus River, Sarasvati
- Large-scale agriculture generally based on grain
- Domestication of animals by 10, 000
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Early Societies in India
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Foundations of Harappan – MohenjoDaro Society in India/Pakistan
- The Indus River
- Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges
- Major society built by indigenous Dravidian peoples, 5000-2000 BCE
- Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of poultry
- Decline after 1900 BCE
- Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River)
- 70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500)
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Mohenjo-Daro Ruins
- Population c. 40,000
- Regional center
- Layout, architecture suggests public purpose
- Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage
- Standardized weights evident throughout region
- Specialized labor
- Trade
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Writing
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Gateway to Harappa
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Shell Workshop
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Great Bath: Lustration (VOCAB Term!)
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Bath Chamber
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Women
- Harappan Civilization: matriarchal?
- Influence on later Indian culture – Goddess worship
- Goddesses of fertility
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Gender
- Matriarchal?
- Female Goddess
- Shiva – phallic symbols
- Lingum and Yoni
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Lingam & Yoni – roots of scared sexuality in Indian culture
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Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization
- Reasons for disappearance unclear
- Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil
- Earthquakes?
- Flooding?
- Evidence of unburied dead
- Disappearance of major cities by 1500 BCE
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The Aryans
- Aryans, lighter-skinned migratory people from the north
- Indo-Europeans
- Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa
- Color Bias
- Socio-Economic Implications
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The Early Aryans
- Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle
- Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries later
- Religious and Literary works: The Vedas
- Sanskrit: sacred tongue
- Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi, Urdu, Bengali
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Varna: The Caste System
- Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians
- Brahmin, Priest
- Kshatriya, Warrior
- Vaishya, Merchant
- Sudra, Commoner
- Harijan: “Untouchables; Pariahs”
- Jati subsystem of castes
- Related to urbanization, increasing social and economic complexity
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Brahmins from Bengal
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Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society
- “rule of the father”
- Enforced in the The Lawbook of Manu
- Overwhelmed Harappan matriarchy?
- Caste, Jati, inheritance through male line
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Women in Aryan Groups
- Women not allowed to read sacred texts
- Child Marriage
- Infanticide
- Honor/Shame
- Virginity
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Sati (“Suttee”)
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Aryan Religion
- Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda
- 1,028 hymns to gods
- Elaborate & costly ritual sacrifices to gods
- Role of Brahmins important
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Early Theology
- Gods created the universe - polytheism
- Purusa dismembered and formed the cosmos & society
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Agni & Soma
- Fire & Transformation
- Immortality
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Indra
- Warrior God
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Shiva
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Durga
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Kali: Shiva like Goddess
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Ganesha
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Vishnu
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Worship of the Krishna: Hari Krishna
- Krishna the source of all avatars of God
- Supreme personality of the Godhead
- Radha Krishna’s divine consort – represents love
- Individual soul is an eternal personal identity
http://www.harekrishnatemple.com/bhakta/everyone.html
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Home Puja
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The Upanishads
- Texts that represent blending of Aryan and Dravidian traditions
- Composed 800-400 BCE, some later collections until 13th century CE
- Means “sittings near a teacher”
- The Shruti of the sacred Hindu literature
- The smriti of tradition/gurus
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Monism: Upanishads
- The trend toward monism
- Brahman
- Brahman and He-She/It
- Manifest and Unmanifest Brahman
- Atman
- Maya
- Gurus
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Brahmanism, Caste, and
Ceremonial Life
- Appearance of Reincarnation and Karma in Indian thought
- Samsara
- Birth—death—rebirth—redeath
- Imperishable atman
- Transmigration of the soul from life form to life form
- Karma
- Thoughts, words, and deeds have an ethical consequence
- Karma is the cause of what is happening in one’s life now
- Moksha - release
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Religions of Salvation in Classical India
- Social change generated resentment of caste privilige
- e.g. Brahmins free from taxation
- 6th-5th c. BCE new religions and philosophies challenge status quo – reform in Hinduism
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Changes in Brahmanism: Reform
- Reforms = recognition of different human needs/paths to moksha
- The Four Goals
- Kama
- Artha
- Dharma
- Moksha
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Recognition of Life stages when different desires rule
- 4 Stages of Life
- The student
- The householder
- The hermit
- The Sannyasin
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Four Marga (Ways) to reach Moksha
- Karma Yoga – all action selfless and dedicated to God
- Jnana Yoga: research, study, seclusion in order to free one of attachment
- Raja Yoga: later actual yoga practice, mediation,
- Bhakti Yoga- devotion
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Bhakti Yoga
- The Way of Devotion
- �Song, dance, love is the way
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The Emergence of the Triad
- The Triad of Gods of Highest Import for Bhakti by 500 b.c.e.
- Brahmā
- Shiva
- Goddess power
- Devi
- Durga
- Kali
- Tantric shaktism
- Vishnu
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The Devotional Life of the Common People
- Village observances
- Not monotheist – Henotheist or polytheist
- Each person worships as the need arises
- Priest or family member conducts rituals for the family
- Local priests conduct a puja on behalf of the community
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The Devotional Life
- The Holiness of Brahmins
- Gurus
- Religious education
- Traditionally a male role
- Other “holy ones”
- Sadhu
- Aghori
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Holy People
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Sadhu
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Darsan
religious seeing & being seen
Auspicious
Divine presence in that being seen
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Ganges River
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Pilgrimage
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Kumbh Mele
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Ritual Bathing
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Eyes: Giving & Taking
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Foods of ancient India
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Food
- In Ancient period, eggs were not desirable
- Carnivorous animals not eaten and after 1200 b.c.e cow sacred animal – Hindus do not eat beef
- Cow is the Mother
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Banned foods for Brahmin
- 54 items banned from Brahmin kitchens: onions, garlic, mushrooms, stimulants, alcohol, eggs
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