Ch-3 reflection

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ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 6e

Chapter 3

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Chapter Outline

• Physical growth and development in infancy

• Motor development

• Sensory and perceptual development

• Cognitive development

• Language development

PHYSICAL PATTERNS (4)

• Cephalocaudal -- earliest growth always occurs at the top

• Proximodistal -- center of the body and moves toward the extremities

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THE BABY IS HERE (10-11)

• Myelination

– Encasing axons with fat cells

• Connectivity grows

• Pruning

– Eliminating unused neural pathways and connections

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Helping the Brain (14-15)

• Sleep important – typical newborn sleeps 16 to 17 hours a day

– preferred times and patterns of sleep also vary

• REM

SIDS is the highest cause of infant death in the United States Factors • In infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving serotonin

• In low birth weight infants with sleep apnea

• With heart arrhythmia

• In African American and Eskimo infants

• In infants passively exposed to cigarette smoke

• When infants and parents share the same bed

• When infants don’t use a pacifier when they go to sleep

• When infants sleep in a bedroom without a fan • Whose siblings have died of SIDS.

• Of lower socioeconomic groups.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (19)

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BREASTFEEDING (22-23)

• Balanced nutrition • Lower incidence of SIDS • Prevention or reduction of

– Diarrhea (GI) – respiratory infections – Develop middle ear infection

• Become overweight or obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

• Suffer from SIDS.

• Lower incidence of breast cancer

• Lowers risk of ovarian cancer

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Dynamic Systems Theory (27)

Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

– Perception and action are coupled together

Four interacting elements underlying motor skills

• Muscle strength

• Brain maturation

• Practice

• Motivation

Motor Development (28)

• Reflexes – automatic – involuntary

• Allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment

• Example reflexes – Rooting reflex – Sucking reflex – Moro reflex – Grasping reflex – Babinski reflex

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MOTOR SKILLS (31-35)

• GROSS- – Skills that involve large-muscle activities

• FINE – Finely tuned movements – Experience plays a role

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Milestones in Gross Motor Development

SENSING AND PERCEIVING

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Sensory and Perceptual Development (37)

• Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors

• Perception is the interpretation of what is sensed

14 (c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Studying the Infant’s Perception (39)

• Visual Preference Method -- Infants look at different things for different lengths of time

VISUAL PERCEPTION (39)

• Habituation -- decreased responsiveness

• Dishabituation – – is the recovery of a

habituated response

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 Hearing  Prefer Mom’s voice

 1 week recognize her

voice

 Infants can locate

direction of some

sounds

 Vision  Rapid development of

visual acuity  Approximately 20-20 by

about age 2

Perception (41-46)

Senses (46)

 Smelling and Tasting

 Newborns react differently to each basic taste as early as birth ○ 4 basic tastes – sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.

 Touch  Best developed of all senses at birth

VISUAL PERCEPTION

• PREFERS

– HAPPY TO NEUTRAL OR FEARFUL

– Attractive/nonattractive

– Gazing…love it

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Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development (48)

• Those who emphasize nature are nativists

– The ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is inborn or innate

• Those who emphasize learning and experience are called empiricists

• Sensorimotor Intelligence – Refinement of innate schemes by experiences of the

senses and motor actions

• Assimilation – Process of fusing incoming information to existing

schemes to make sense of experiences

• Accommodation – Changing a scheme to incorporate new information

• Equilibration – How children shift from one stage of thought to

another

Piaget’s Views (51)

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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 55

• Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage

– A-not-B error: Tendency of infants to reach where

an object was located earlier rather than where the

object was last hidden

– Core knowledge approach: States that infants are

born with domain-specific innate knowledge

systems

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Age Language Sequence

4- 8 months Babbling

0-1 month Reflexive cries

1-4 months Cooing to voices, gestures

12-18 months First Words, holophrases

8-12 months Imitation, intent listening

18-24 months Two word sentences

LANGUAGE SEQUENCE (59-60)

• The Behaviorist View: B. F. Skinner – Begins with babbling, which parents reinforce

– Withhold reinforcement for nongrammatical words

• The Nativist View Noam Chomsky – LAD – Language Acquisition Device

– An innate language processor which contains the basic grammatical structure of all human language

The Beginnings of

Language

• Child Directed Speech

– Adults repeat often, introduce minor variations, use slightly more elongated sentences

– Children whose parents talk to them a lot develop richer vocabularies and more complex sentences

• Strategies to enhance child’s acquisition of language:

– Recasting -Rephrasing

– Expanding-Restating

– Labeling-Identifying

Influences on Language

Development

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