Data Communication IT

In-text Referencing: Harvard

Referencing means giving or citing the source of your information.

system, for each citation you are required to

• the author's surname, the

paraphrase in the body of your assignment. (Note

numbers for paraphrases).

• the full bibliographical details in the list of references at the end of the assignment.

Referencing is an academic convention that is important because it:

• ensures that you are not open to accusations of

(another’s writings, etc) as o

Plagiarism is a serious offence at university and can lead to a 'show cause'/failure.

• shows the reader the extent to which you know the literature that is considered acceptable in

the field of study.

• helps you to take a position, demonstrate the validity or credibility of your position, introduce

alternative viewpoints.

• identifies the source of your material for your readers which enables them to physically locate

it if desired.

Referencing also needs to be done correctly.

quote, which was sourced from page 15 of Bate, D and Sharpe, P 1996,

university students, Harcourt Brace, Sydney. Then check the example

the page:

A thesis sets up the argument of an essay, and for that reason it usually occurs in the

introduction, unless the writer feels it is necessary to provide some contextual comments

before stating the thesis. An argumen

neighbours about their dog digging in your garden; instead, it refers to a process of

reasoning. What makes a thesis plausible, and an argument reasonable and supportable, is

the evidence, which you will be

essay. Of course, it is the preliminary reading (or class notes) that has persuaded you to

adopt a point of view to argue. Just as your teacher will be assessing your thesis, argument

and evidence, so too you should be assessing these things in the material you read. This is

one reason why intelligent and discerning reading promotes your ability to be an intelligent

and discerning writer (Bate & Sharpe 1996, p. 15).

Note how the authors’ surna

the quote. It is acceptable to provide this one reference at the end of this information, in this

instance, because the quote has been presented as a block quote i.e. indented and separated

from the text.

text Referencing: Harvard

Referencing means giving or citing the source of your information. In the Ha

are required to give:

the year of publication and the page number/s next to any quote or

paraphrase in the body of your assignment. (Note – some lecturers do not requir

tails in the list of references at the end of the assignment.

Referencing is an academic convention that is important because it:

ensures that you are not open to accusations of plagiarism. To plagiarise is to ‘take and use

(another’s writings, etc) as one’s own’ (The Oxford guide to the English language 1984, p. 449).

is a serious offence at university and can lead to a 'show cause'/failure.

shows the reader the extent to which you know the literature that is considered acceptable in

helps you to take a position, demonstrate the validity or credibility of your position, introduce

identifies the source of your material for your readers which enables them to physically locate

Referencing also needs to be done correctly. Examine the following extract, presented as a block

quote, which was sourced from page 15 of Bate, D and Sharpe, P 1996,

, Harcourt Brace, Sydney. Then check the examples of in

A thesis sets up the argument of an essay, and for that reason it usually occurs in the

introduction, unless the writer feels it is necessary to provide some contextual comments

before stating the thesis. An argument, in this sense, is not like fighting with your

neighbours about their dog digging in your garden; instead, it refers to a process of

reasoning. What makes a thesis plausible, and an argument reasonable and supportable, is

the evidence, which you will be expected to cite (or make reference to) in the body of your

essay. Of course, it is the preliminary reading (or class notes) that has persuaded you to

adopt a point of view to argue. Just as your teacher will be assessing your thesis, argument

nce, so too you should be assessing these things in the material you read. This is

one reason why intelligent and discerning reading promotes your ability to be an intelligent

and discerning writer (Bate & Sharpe 1996, p. 15).

Note how the authors’ surnames, year of publication and page number is given at the end of

the quote. It is acceptable to provide this one reference at the end of this information, in this

instance, because the quote has been presented as a block quote i.e. indented and separated

19/04/2010

text Referencing: Harvard

In the Harvard referencing

page number/s next to any quote or

lecturers do not require page

tails in the list of references at the end of the assignment.

To plagiarise is to ‘take and use

ne’s own’ (The Oxford guide to the English language 1984, p. 449).

is a serious offence at university and can lead to a 'show cause'/failure.

shows the reader the extent to which you know the literature that is considered acceptable in

helps you to take a position, demonstrate the validity or credibility of your position, introduce

identifies the source of your material for your readers which enables them to physically locate

Examine the following extract, presented as a block

quote, which was sourced from page 15 of Bate, D and Sharpe, P 1996, Writer’s handbook for

of in-text referencing over

A thesis sets up the argument of an essay, and for that reason it usually occurs in the

introduction, unless the writer feels it is necessary to provide some contextual comments

t, in this sense, is not like fighting with your

neighbours about their dog digging in your garden; instead, it refers to a process of

reasoning. What makes a thesis plausible, and an argument reasonable and supportable, is

expected to cite (or make reference to) in the body of your

essay. Of course, it is the preliminary reading (or class notes) that has persuaded you to

adopt a point of view to argue. Just as your teacher will be assessing your thesis, argument

nce, so too you should be assessing these things in the material you read. This is

one reason why intelligent and discerning reading promotes your ability to be an intelligent

and page number is given at the end of

the quote. It is acceptable to provide this one reference at the end of this information, in this

instance, because the quote has been presented as a block quote i.e. indented and separated

19/04/2010

Referencing paraphrases made from the previous extract:

Example 1: As Bate and Sharpe (1996, p. 15) point out, the term argument is used at university to

refer to the process of reaching a conclusion.

Example 2: Bate and Sharpe state that the term argument is used at university to refer to the manner

of drawing a conclusion. It is the evidence used that provides justification for the argument

which in turn renders the thesis believable (1996, p. 15).

Example 3: At university, the term argument refers to the way of reaching a conclusion (Bate & Sharpe

1996, p. 15).

Referencing quotes taken from the previous text:

Example 1: As Bate and Sharpe (1996, p. 15) point out, ‘What makes a thesis plausible, and an

argument reasonable and supportable, is the evidence, which you will be expected

to cite (or make reference to) in the body of your essay’.

Example 2: A well-structured essay has a position or argument (thesis) stated in the introduction.

Unlike every day types of arguments, argument in university essays is ‘… not like fighting

with your neighbours about their dog… instead it is about a… process of reasoning’ (Bate &

Sharpe 1996, p. 15).

In-text referencing if there are more than three authors:

Use the first-listed author’s surname followed by et al. (‘et al.’ means ‘and others’), e.g. Smith et al. (1991,

p. 242). All names are included in the list of references.

In-text referencing if an author refers to another author's work:

This is called a secondary reference (e.g. Smith refers to the work of Brown). Below are 3 methods:

Brown (cited in Smith 1986, p. 23) ...

Smith (1986, p. 23) cites a study by Brown ...

... (Brown, cited in Smith 1986, p. 23).

In-text referencing of electronic sources:

• Aim to provide author’s surname, year and page number (always include the date of viewing the source

and URL in the list of references).

• If there is no author, use the journal name, or organisation’s name.

• If there is no date use (n.d.).

• Electronic sources rarely have consistent page numbers. If you are unable to give a specific page

number then give the paragraph number or section number of the quotation e.g. para. 6/ section 3.5.

In-text referencing from a Study Guide: Provide author’s surname, year and page number.

In- text referencing from a chapter in an edited book: Provide author of chapter’s surname, year and page number. See List of References guide for how to include in the List of References.

Choose

the verb

that best

suits your

purpose.

Note how

the writer

has

integrated

the quotes

i.e. not just

inserted

them.