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Volume 14, 2018 - Issue 1: Special Issue: Indo-Paci�c Regional Dialogue 2018 Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India 

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 Cite this article  https://doi-org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1080/09733159.2018.1506278

Articles

Implications of maritime trade-dependence

of India, China and Japan

Pages 70-84 | Published online: 10 Sep 2018 &Zeng Xiangyu  Liu Jiawei

ABSTRACT

India, China and Japan, the economic big three in Asia, is heavily dependent on maritime

trade in terms of importation of energy and other natural resources in addition to

import/export of manufactured products. Major economic, political and security impact

has been resulted from such a dependence, as the sea-lines of communication for

maritime trade across the Indian Ocean and West Paci�c is vulnerable to heavy

conventional/unconventional threat. Policy measures have been taken in order to

mitigate the vulnerabilities. Accelerated development of maritime powers,

bilateralism/multilateralism, enhanced engagement with regional players and

diversi�cation policies are among such e�ort. The unconventional challenges are on the

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decline, partly thanks to e�ective counter-measures, while the conventional challenges

is on the rise, also partly due to the mis-match of policies from major stakeholders. The

Rise of Indo-Paci�c Concept and the Emerging Maritime Regionalism can be a double-

edge sword. Clari�cation of strategic intention and e�ective policy dialogue is needed for

a more harmonious maritime engagement among the three. Strategic vision and smart

policies are needed to ensure a cooperation for the bene�t of all stakeholder inclusive of

the three countries in particular.  KEYWORDS: Maritime Trade Indo-Paci�c Multilateralism Regionalism Sea Power Diversi�cation

Disclosure statement

No potential con�ict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributor

Dr. Zeng Xiangyu is Associate Professor and Research/International Coordinator at the

Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University. With a special interest in

Indian/Pakistani/Afghan studies, Dr. Zeng is at present in charge of a national social

sciences program: Maritime Security Strategy of India: Implications to China. Dr. Zeng

was a visiting scholar in Pakistan, India and University of Macau in middle 2011, early

2014 and early 2016 respectively. He has published 3 books and some 30 papers on

China-India relations, maritime security, water security, as well as Afghan studies and

Pakistan studies.

Dr. Liu Jiawei is Associate Research Fellow and Director at the Center for South Asia-

West China Development and Cooperation Studies, Sichuan University. As a specialist on

Indian economy/public diplomacy/energy policies and frequent visitor to India, Pakistan,

Bangladesh and Nepal for academic research and conferences, Mr. Liu Jiawei has been

visiting fellow in JNU in 2007 and in Observer Research Foundation (ORF) in 2010. He co-

authored/translated 3 books and edited another one.

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Notes

1 UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2017, October 25 2017,

http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWeb�yer.aspx?publicationid=1890 (accessed

January 27, 2018).

2 Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Annual Report 2016–17, p. 3.

3 Zhao Wenjun, Qi Zhongxi, and Wei Shengyao. “China will Develop New Engine for

Opening-Up While Try to Accelerate the Development of MSR.” Xinhua Net, July 11, 2014.

http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-07/11/c_1111578558.htm (accessed January 20,

2018).

4 Merchandise trade (% of GDP): India, China and Japan, in World Bank Database,

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TG.VAL.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=IN-CN-JP (accessed

January 11, 2018).

5 Trade Statistics for China, in WTO Database,

http://stat.wto.org/CountryPro�le/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?

Language=E&Country=CN%2cIN%2cJP (accessed January 13, 2018).

6 Statistics on Import and Export (Value in US Dollars). China General Administration of

Customs website:

http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302274/302276/1421231/index.html

(accessed January 23, 2018).

7 “General Information” in Japanese Merchandise Trade and Sino-Japanese Trade Pro�le:

2017. Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website, February 13, 2018.

https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=57703 (accessed

February 18, 2018).

8 Indian Merchandise Trade and Sino-Indian Trade Pro�le: January-September 2017,

Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website, December 19, 2017.

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https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=56805 (accessed

February 1, 2018).

9 World Trade Statistical Review 2017, pp. 112, 114. World Trade Organization.

http://stat.wto.org/CountryPro�le/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?

Language=E&Country=CN%2cIN%2cJP (accessed February 1, 2018).

10 Key World Energy Statistics, International Energy Agency, September 2017, p. 15.

11 Key World Energy Statistics, International Energy Agency, September 2017, pp. 13, 17.

12 Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social

Development of 2016. National Bureau of Statistics (P. R. China) website, February 28,

2017. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201702/t20170228_1467424.html (accessed

February 5, 2018).

13 “Japanese Exports to Major Trade Partners” and “Japanese Imports from Major Trade

Partners” in Japanese Merchandise Trade and Sino-Japanese Trade Pro�le: 2016.

Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website, February 13, 2017.

https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=52726 (accessed

February 8, 2018) and https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?

news_id=52727 (accessed February 8, 2018).

14 “Japanese Exports to Major Regional Organizations” in Japanese Merchandise Trade

and Sino-Japanese Trade Pro�le: 2017. Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website,

February 13, 2018. https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?

news_id=57707 (accessed February 15, 2018).

15 “Japanese Exports to Major Trade Partners” and “Japanese Imports from Major Trade

Partners” in Japanese Merchandise Trade and Sino-Japanese Trade Pro�le: 2016.

Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website, February 13, 2017.

https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=52726 (accessed

February 8, 2018) and https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?

news_id=52727 (accessed February 8, 2018).

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16 “Major Imports for Japan” and “Country/Regional Distribution of Japan's Top 5

Imported Items” in Japanese Merchandise Trade and Sino-Japanese Trade Pro�le: 2016.

Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website, February 13, 2017.

https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=52734 (accessed

February 8, 2018) and https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?

news_id=52736 (accessed February 8, 2018).

17 “Indian Exports to Major Regional Organizations” and “Indian Imports from Major

Regional Organizations” in Indian Merchandise Trade and Sino-Indian Trade Pro�le:

2016. Ministry of Commerce (P. R. China) website, March 6, 2017.

https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=53152 (accessed

January 30, 2018) and https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?

news_id=53153 (accessed January 30, 2018).

18 “Country/Regional Distribution of India's Top 5 Imported Items” in Indian

Merchandise Trade and Sino-Indian Trade Pro�le: 2016. Ministry of Commerce (P. R.

China) website, March 6, 2017.

https://countryreport.mofcom.gov.cn/record/view110209.asp?news_id=53160 (accessed

January 30, 2018).

19 Maritime Piracy and Armed Robbery Reaches 22-year Low, Says IMB Report.

International Chamber of Commerce-Commercial Crime Services website

https://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php/1240-maritime-piracy-and-armed-robbery-reaches-

22-year-low-says-imb-report (accessed February 7, 2018).

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