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Imagine you are a state-level health policy maker interested in health care access. You want to identify geographic areas and ethnic communities that are underserved to be able to correct problems and ensure fair access. You can only use archival data for your study. What data do you need for your study? What variables will you use? Do you expect any difficulties in obtaining those data? Why or why not? What kind of design would you use? Why? What parametric and nonparametric statistical tests can you use to obtain the information you need? Explain.

Bertha Hall

The archived data could be reviewed for a few past years to see if there was a pattern in regard to certain ethnicities receiving health care and the availability of health care (Burke, Zavalina, Phillips & Chelliah, 2020) . In order to research the ethnicities, the researcher needs to identify the ethnicities and the geographical location. There are so many ethnicities in various locations that it might be difficult to decide on the target population as well as the areas where they are located. The variables would be health care and the health care availability for the ethnicities. After taking the “Which Stats Test”, the information indicated using the Cramer V test .The Cramer V test is a test that correlates two variables into a contingency table. N is the total number of cases being researched. S is the smaller of number of columns or number of rows. The x squared is the chi-square value (Wawer, Grzesiuk, & Jegorow, 2022). The nonparametric test could be utilized because probability data would not be used.

Cramer V=square root of (x squared/ N x (S-1))

Burke,M., Zavalina, O.L.,Phillips, M. ,E. & Chelliah,S. (2020) Organization of knowledge and information in digital archives of language materials, Journal of Library Metadata, 20:4, 185-217, DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2020.1908651

Wawer, M., Grzesiuk, K., & Jegorow, D. (2022). Smart Mobility in a Smart City in the Context of Generation Z Sustainability, Use of ICT, and Participation. Energies (19961073), 15(13), 4651–N.PAG. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/en15134651

Earl Nelson II

Dear Dr., Malec and Class,

Understanding the archival data on this topic will take an excessive amount of time and require a deep dive. The reason so, is because it is a state covered level that will cover many variable communities as well as variable data. There is a large push from healthcare leaders for fairness in healthcare across all lines (Ingram et al., 2020). The data needed would be the population demographics of each area, the health and wellness statistics for those areas, the social and economic stats, the access location of the health facilities, as well with what those facilities provide. For the variables of the study, it will include the age, gender, religious affiliations, ethnic affiliations, and educational level of the people in each community. To obtain this data, there will be some difficulty. Previous attempts to collect healthcare data have come from telephone calls (Close et al., 2022). However, this too has been met with difficultly as many fears disclosing personal information over the phone (Close et al., 2022). For example, in the state of Arizona, access to the native community data will be blocked. Additionally in the state of Arizona, there are many underserved communities that access to records will be impossible to accomplish.

The kind of design I would use for this study would be a correlational design approach of two major variables. As we would compare each community's health statistics of those underserved to those communities that are served. The approach could not be an experimental, due to the troubles of collecting the data. In the parametric and nonparametric statistical tests, it will be dependent on the population size of the groups and if they are large enough to study. That said, the parametric test that can be used is the Anova test. As this test uses two independent group sets compared to hypothesized data. If the population size is too small, then we can use the Kruskal-Wallis Test.

References

Close, R. M., Coles, K., Enos, L. A., Nashio, J. T., & McAuley, J. B. (2022). Innovative and integrated contact tracing: Indian Health Service, Arizona, December 2020–January 2021. Public Health Reports, 003335492210743. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549221074388

Ingram, M., Sabo, S., Redondo, F., Soto, Y., Russell, K., Carter, H., Bender, B., & de Zapien, J. G. (2020). Establishing voluntary certification of community health workers in Arizona: A policy case study of building a unified workforce. Human Resources for Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00487-7

Leann Rhodes

Even though we only have archival data to work with, I would still pull the history on geographic and ethnic communities and the history of those communities accessing the health care throughout the state. I would need to still have a primary data collection and a secondary data collection (Fallon, 2019), so one thing I would make sure of is using that archival data for two completely different questions. . I would want to see what services they are requesting most often and why. I would want to know if they used one facility more than another and why. I think the facility would be helpful if they thought you were addressing a current problem they may be having and since you are using data and not interviews the protection of individuals wouldn’t be of as high a concern as you can change names to numbers. The survey instrument I would use is the Health Preference Research (HPR) instrument (Hollin et al., 2020). The design would be correlation as there are so many different variables out of this we could cross examine and see results. I would use SPSS just because I am most familiar and comfortable with it and would conduct a descriptive analysis between variables.

References:

Fallon, M. (2019). Writing up quantitative research in the social and behavioral sciences. In Writing up Quantitative Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-609-5

Hollin, I. L., Craig, B. M., Coast, J., Beusterien, K., Vass, C., DiSantostefano, R., & Peay, H. (2020). Reporting formative qualitative research to support the development of quantitative preference study protocols and corresponding survey instruments: guidelines for authors and reviewers. The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 13(1), 121-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-019-00401-x

Sarah Bontrager

What data do you need for your study? What variables will you use? Do you expect any difficulties in obtaining those data? Why or why not? What kind of design would you use? Why? What parametric and nonparametric statistical tests can you use to obtain the information you need? Explain.

Archival data is that which exists prior to any research that is being done for a current study. The data can be collected from documents and numerical data that has been saved. In an ex post facto study (Pressman, 2021), which would be appropriate for gathering data for the two variables of examining geographic and ethnic communities that are underserved, a t-test would be a good choice. It could be appropriate to measure race, gender, and economic differences. T-tests are used to determine those differences that are statistically different from each other with two different comparison groups. If we decided to do three or more groups, an ANOVA test would be more appropriate (Pressman, 2021). In an ex post facto study like this, we would be looking to examine the differences in two (or more) groups and between two or more measurements of those groups. This would be using secondary data because it is collected by the learner instead of in the original study. Pressman (2021) notes that parametric data follow a normal bell curve, where the data is distributed when the mean, median, and mode are all equal. A nonparametric test is used to measure data outside the normal bell curve, and the Mann-Whitney U test would be an appropriate example of this for measuring two different samples from the same population. Casteel & Waldschmidt (2021) also remind us that when using archival data, it can have some difficult downfalls. Even though the data has been collected already, we need to make sure that the primary data from the first study meets the criteria for the current study. We are also responsible to make sure that the original study maintained a valid and reliable collection of variables (Casteel and Waldschmidt, 2021).

Casteel, A. & Waldschmidt (2021). Quantitative Instrumentation and Data Collection. Grand Canyon University (Ed.), GCU Doctoral Research: Introduction to Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis (1st ed).

Pressman, M. (2021). Quantitative Data Analysis. Grand Canyon University (Ed.), GCU Doctoral Research: Introduction to Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis (1st ed).

Now, imagine you are the CEO of a large hospital. You are interested in reducing turnover among nurses. You wish to find out to what extent nurses’ turnover intention is related to their overall job satisfaction, their average number of hours worked per week, and their level of professional stress. You plan a correlational study, administer an anonymous survey, and collect interval data for all four variables. What parametric and nonparametric statistical tests can you use to analyze the data?

REPLY TO DISCUSSION

Tonyi

What parametric and nonparametric statistical tests can you use to analyze the data?

It was suggested that I utilize Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient assessment for analyzing the data for the research because it best represents the contemporary use of the simple correlation that assesses the linear relationship between two variables (Lewis-Beck, Bryman, & Futing Liao,2004). I believe that Inferential Statistical Analysis Identification would be the most appropriate analytical tool because I am not attempting to hypothesize why the correlation of data, I am attempting to identify the facts with peer review literature (Casteel, 2021)). This may be tough to identify or categorize into the SPSS system in only 4 categories if I restrict the survey or do not include enough options. I could possibly model my research and utilize the Nelson–Aalen estimator, a non-parametric estimator of the baseline hazard, and combine it with the Cox proportional hazard estimate model (Juozaitienė & Wit, 2022). This method would allow me to analyze and present the information to all stakeholders in an unbiased manner and provide all information needed to simplify the study to ensure the information was meaningful to all involved.

Casteel, A. (2021). Populations and Samples in Quantitative Research. Grand Canyon University (Ed.), GCU Doctoral Research: Introduction to Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis (1st ed).

Juozaitienė, R., & Wit, E. C. (2022). Non-parametric estimation of reciprocity and triadic effects in relational event networks. Social Networks, 68, 296–305. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2021.08.004

Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., & Futing Liao, T. (2004). Pearson's correlation coefficient. In The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods (pp. 808-810). Sage Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.n700

· Tonyi Kennedy

replied toSarah Bontrager

Aug 26, 2022, 10:02 AM

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Replies to Sarah Bontrager

Thank you for sharing the Youtube resource, I was struggling with just the information from the book. The book didn't go into the explanation that I found useful. It was interesting to see the utilization of both the Parametric and Nonparametric tests in action, and how they can be utilized in additional research (Grande, 2015). I would have liked to preview this prior to our DQ, I would have answered it differently because it cleared up some of the confusion I was having. I also agree the anonymous survey would assist employees in not fearing the repercussions of their answers. However, I would also be concerned about how many employees would answer the survey especially if they were still intimidated by the administration. Depending on the number of participants, I would need to change my plan of what methods I could utilize. In order to ensure validity and reliability of the study I may need to present the survey to the night shift and day shift, I would also need to understand the severity of the situation in order to attempt to be non-bias. I would also like to meet with a group of nurses to establish the base questions to understand what some of the concerns were in order to ensure I was attempting to address the issue this would address the internal consistency( Casteel, 021).

Casteel, A. (2021). Populations and Samples in Quantitative Research. Grand Canyon University (Ed.), GCU Doctoral Research: Introduction to Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis (1st ed).

Grande (2015) Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWEWHKnwg_0

· SB

Sarah

Replies to Tonyi Kennedy

Hi Tonyi- You're welcome, I was really struggling with it too! I haven't ever done the research, so all of this continues to be an uphill climb for me. I am learning so much, and I'm grateful. You bring up a great point about ensuring validity and reliability with the population we are testing. I am currently thinking through a couple of different paths I could take with my dissertation, and have been moving in the direction of a qualitative study. I think it fits my research and application goals in the most appropriate way- but I also like the idea of a correlational-predictive model with quantitative data. Because this study example involves three or more variables, we can do an anonymous survey with the intention of predicting from one or more variables (Pressman, 2021). This example looks like it would be primary data, and could be collected in a way that protects anonymity. Casteel (2021) reminds us that the unit of analysis must align with the theoretical foundation (constructs, variables, and key factors) of our study to avoid possibly skewing the data toward or away from the original goal or relationship to the problem. This is a fundamental requirement of research (Casteel, 2021).

References

Casteel, A. (2021). Populations and Samples in Quantitative Research. Grand Canyon University (Ed.), GCU Doctoral Research: Introduction to Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis (1st ed).

Pressman, M. (2021). Quantitative Data Analysis. Grand Canyon University (Ed.), GCU Doctoral Research: Introduction to Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis (1st ed).