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I04115155.pdf
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS)
e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 4, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan.-Feb. 2015), PP 51-55 www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04115155 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on Patient Safety in Hail City,
Saudi Arabia: Nurses‘Perspective
Mousa Al Shammari 1 , Sami Al Habib, Ph.D.
1 , Dakilala Al Shubrami
2 ,
Mussad Al Rashidi 2
1 Department of Health Administration, College of Business Administration/King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Nursing Administration in Hail Health, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Abstract : This study investigated the nurses' perception toward the impact of Hospital's Accreditation on patient safety related to nursing documentation, patient medication information, and healthcare associated
infection. The study was conducted in King Khalid Hospital (KKH) in Hail city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Oct,
2014), after hospital had been accredited by international group JCI (Joint Commission International). The
study was across sectional descriptive research design and used simple random sampling method for the sample
size of 200 respondents (nursing staff). The researchers received self-administrated questionnaire with response
rate 76.9 percent, while five points rating scale (Likert scale) was used in the measurement. The respondents
reported high positive impact of hospital's Accreditation on patient safety with overall score 4.17 out of 5 points
in rating scale and most their answers were between agree to strong agree. The results showed similarity and
extend for the most previous efforts and several researches related to highly positive impact of accreditation on
healthcare environment, processes, outcome, and patient‘satisfaction. This study's results supports policy and
decision makers to increase numbers of specialized national accreditation groups for Healthcare Sector. Additionally, the study's results would encourage both public and private healthcare organizations to become
accredited by national or international accreditation groups to achieve higher standard of quality and safe
healthcare services.
Keywords: quality improvement, accreditations, hospitals, patient safety, nursing
I. Introduction
The term accreditation means the systematic assessment of hospitals against accepted standards.
Generally, accreditation has developed for hospitals; but with time, it was considered by primary care's institutions, laboratories services, and other healthcare sectors. The process of accreditation originates in the
United States. The American College of Surgeons set up a program of standards to define suitable hospitals for
surgical training in 1917. This was developed later into a multidisciplinary program of standardization, and in
1951 led to the formation of the independent Joint Commission on Hospital accreditation, and now into the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), from which all subsequent national
programs have been directly or indirectly derived (WHO, 2003).
The Accreditation programs have been increasing and spreading throughout the world from developed
to developing countries from the past three decades, and today there are several accreditation programs for
healthcare organizations. The Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI), Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, was established through Ministerial pledge No. 11/144187 dated 2005. The Central Board of
Accreditation is a non-profit organization under the supervision of Health Services Council; and provides evaluation and follow-up of services provided by government and private healthcare institutions with a panel of
competent surveyors for the purpose of spreading; and employing quality; and safety standards approved by the
International Society for Quality in Health Care (CBAHI, 2005).
Despite the fact that majority of accreditation programs are voluntary, a small number of programs are
mandatory such as: CBAHI; and French, and Italian accreditation. In 2011, the Health Services Council in
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia recognized that all public and private institutions must acquire CBAHI’s accreditation
(No.8/58 dated 4/12/2011). Several private and governmental hospitals in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have
already obtained accreditation from different international bodies. Such as: Joint Commission International,
Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation, and Australian Council for Health Care Standards
(Almasabi, 2013).
Majority of past researches conducted on late decade in developed and developing countries
investigated impact of accreditation programs on healthcare organizations related to its structures, processes, outcomes and patient satisfaction were highly great positive impact. Most researchers had targeted nursing staff
in their populations and samples to determine the impact of accreditation programs on healthcare services,
because of its vital role on quality and safety of healthcare's services. The findings of study conducted in Saudi
Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on Patient Safety in Hail City, Saudi Arabia: Nurses‘Perspective
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04115155 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Arabia reported that most of respondents' answers, 721 registered nurses from eights different cultural
backgrounds worked in Saudi Arabia, were between agree and strong agree in five points rating scale on impact
of accreditation on patient safety and quality indicators (Alawa et al, 2009). Accreditation had high gain in reducing risks in health organizations (Sophie, 2010).Turkish nurses reported high mean score related to
benefits of hospital accreditations (Ahmet & Sidika, 2014). 1048 Lebanese nurses indicated high score about
improvement of quality during and after accreditation processes (El-Jardali et al, 2008). Appling accreditation
programs in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit lead to significant decrease in infant mortality Rates (Lorch,
Maheshwari & Shosran, 2008). Study conducted on 25 Primary Healthcare Centers in Lebanon using both self-
administered questionnaire and interview reported high mean score followed by Canadian accreditation impact
on quality of healthcare (El-Jardali et al, 2009). The Result of systemic literature review of 26 studies about
impact of accreditation programs on healthcare services showed significant positive impact in structure,
processes and clinical outcomes in different subspecialties of medicines (Alkhenizan, 2011).
On other hand one study showed the limited impact of accreditation programs on healthcare
organizations and its services, especially, after accreditation in short period. The study found a reduction and fall in standards such as: compliance with clinical documentation standards of accreditation, which happened
immediately after Healthcare organization was accredited (Derkaran, 2014).
II. Methods 2.1 Research Design:
Across sectional descriptive study was conducted at the King Khalid Hospital (KKH) in Hail Region,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to determine nursing perception about the impact of accreditation on patient's safety.
2.2 Population and sampling: The study population considered all nursing staff both Saudi and non Saudi who started working in the
hospital before it was accredited and continued to work during and after accreditation at the King Khalid
Hospital in Hail Region, the sampling frame include all nurses in various departments and units of the hospital.
After define the population, and establishing the sampling frame; simple random sampling was conducted. Out
of 450 nursing staff in King Khalid Hospital a sample size of 200 had received the self-administered
questionnaire.
2.3 Data Collection Procedure: After taking official permission letters from authorized organizations to conducting study in King
Khalid Hospital. The researchers collaborated with nursing office in the King Khalid Hospital to distribute 260
self-administered questionnaires on 23th of October 2014 and received 230 questionnaires on 2nd November 2014 with response rate of 76 percent, after researchers exclude 30 questionnaires for incompleteness. The
Respondents’ Rights and Research Ethics had been respected and considered during all study phases.
2.4 Research Instrument: The research instrument was self-administered questionnaires designed in manner to determine
nursing perception on the impact of accreditation on patient safety related to clinical nursing documentation,
medication information and hospital infection. Questionnaire used in this study consisted of three parts; the first
part covered demographic data of participated nursing staff; the second part composed of three dimensions
about impact of hospital accreditation on patient's safety include nursing documentation, medication information
and hospital infection, each dimension consist of four items, that was drawn from literature review; and the third part included open question to give respondents the chance to describe any other issues related to the study.
Five points (5= strongly agree, 4= Agree, 3=Neutral, 2=Disagree, 1=Strongly Disagree) rating Likert
scale was used for measure nurses perception toward impact of hospital accreditation on patient's safety.
Questionnaire validity was created by reverent studies and its validity was examined by experts in the
field from King Saud University and ministry of health. Additionally, a pilot study was conducted on number of
nursing's staff to assure validity of the questionnaire.
2.5 Data Analysis: Frequency distribution, percentage, range, means, and standard deviations used to present the data and
drew the conclusion in this descriptive study. The statistical analysis carried out with the SPSS program version
18.
Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on Patient Safety in Hail City, Saudi Arabia: Nurses‘Perspective
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04115155 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
III. Results 3.1 Demographic data of Respondents:
Majority of the respondents were 30 years old or less representing 45 percent of respondents, followed
by respondents older than 30 to 40 years representing 39.5 percent of respondents. The least of respondent were
older than 40 to 50 years old representing 10 percent of respondents. Most respondents were female representing
96.5 of respondents. Regarding nationality 44 percent of participants were Indians, 43.5 percent were Filipinos,
and 12.5 percent were Saudi. Seventy three percent of participants held bachelor degree, while 18 percent held
diploma, followed by 8 percent held associated degree, and 1 percent held Masters Degree or more. About 42
percent of participants were working for KKH more than 4 years, followed by 21.5 percent of respondents were
working more than 2 to 3 years, 21 percent more than 3 to 4 years, and 15 percent were working for two years or
less. Majority of respondents, 54 percent, have 10 years or less of experience in nursing, followed 32.5 percent
of respondents have experience of more than 10 to 20 years, 10.5 percent of respondents have experience of more than 20 to 30 years, and 3 percent of respondents have experience of more than 30 years. The largest
percent of participant, 91.5 percent, were working as nursing staff, 5 percent of participants were head nurses,
and 3 percent were working as supervisors, and 0.5 percent were working as Chief or Deputy (Table 4.1).
Table 4.1: The Demographic Data of Respondents. Characteristics Groups Frequency Percentage Total
Age
30 years and under 90 45
200 Older than 30 – 40 yrs 79 39.5
Older than 40 – 50 yrs 20 10
Older than 50 years 11 5.5
Gender Male 7 3.5
200 Female 193 96.5
Nationality
Saudi 25 12.5
200 Filipino 87 43.5
Indian 88 44
Other 0.0 0.0
Qualifications
Diploma degree (2 yrs) 36 18
200 Associate degree (3 yrs) 16 8
Bachelor degree 146 73
Master and above 2 1
Working in
Hospital
2 years and under 30 15
200 More than 2 – 3 yrs 43 21.5
More than 3 – 4 yrs 42 21
More than 4 yrs 85 42
Experiences
10 years and under 108 54
200 More than 10 – 20 yrs 65 32.5
More than 20 – 30 yrs 21 10.5
More than 30 years 6 3
Positions
Nursing Staff 183 91.5
200 Head Nurse 10 5
Supervisors 6 3
Chief or his/her deputy 1 0.5
3.2 Impact of Hospital's Accreditation on Patient's Safety Related to Clinical Nursing Documentation:
Regarding impact of hospital's accreditation on patient safety related to clinical nursing documentation
items, the range of mean was from 4.05 to 4.21. The highest mean was 4.21 (Accreditation has given insight to
implement policy and procedure regarding clinical documentation as standard of using abbreviation); while the
lowest mean was 4.05 (Accreditation improves information accuracy). The average mean was 4.12. Table 4. 2
shows ranking the items of clinical nursing documentation dimension.
Table 4.2: Ranking the Items of Clinical Nursing Documentation Dimension.
Impact of Hospital's Accreditation on patient safety
related to clinical nursing documentation Mean SD
Frequency (Percentage %)
S tr
o n
g ly
A g
r e e
A g
r e e
N e u
tr a
l
d is
a g
r e e
S tr
o n
g ly
d is
a g
r e e
1. Accreditation has given insight to implement policy and
procedure regarding clinical documentation as standard of
using abbreviation 4.21 0.62
64
(32)
115
(57.5)
21
(10.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
2. Accreditation has positive impact on all hospital‘clinical
forms. 4.15 0.73
65
(32.5)
106
(53)
23
(11.5)
6
(3)
0
(0)
3. Accreditation improves integration of clinical information
among all healthcare providers. 4.07 0.72
50
(25)
122
(61)
23
(11.5)
3
(1.5)
2
(1)
Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on Patient Safety in Hail City, Saudi Arabia: Nurses‘Perspective
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04115155 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
4. Accreditation improves information accuracy. 4.05 1.68
46
(23)
122
(61)
29
(14.5)
2
(1)
1
(0.5)
Average Mean 4.12
3.3 Impact of Hospital's Accreditation on Patient's Safety Related to Patient Medication Information: Regarding Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on patient safety related to patient medication information
items the range of mean was from 3.95 to 4.13. The highest mean was 4.13 (Accreditation has positive impact
on patients' current medication processes); while the lowest mean was 3.95 (Accreditation improves medication
label format.). The average mean was 4.05. Table 4.3 shows ranking the items of patient medication information dimension:
Table 4.3: Ranking the Items Related to Patients' Medication Information.
Impact of Hospital's Accreditation on patient safety related to
patient medication information Mean SD
Frequency (Percentage %)
S tr
o n
g ly
A g
r e e
A g
r e e
N e u
tr a
l
d is
a g
r e e
S tr
o n
g ly
d is
a g
r e e
Accreditation has positive impact on patient‘current medication
processes. 4.13 0.25
60
(30)
112
(56)
23
(11.5)
4
(2)
1
(0.5)
Accreditation has given insight to implement guideline of drug
Administration. 4.12 0.65
53
(26.5)
120
(60)
26
(13)
0
(0)
1
(0.5)
Accreditation process has impact on reducing the rate of overall
medication errors. 4 0.7
40
(20)
128
(64)
25
(12.5)
6
(3)
1
(0.5)
Accreditation improves medication label format. 3.95 0.70 34
(17)
131
(65.5)
28
(14)
5
(2.5)
2
(1)
Average Mean 4.05
3.4 Impact of Hospital's Accreditation on Patient Safety Related to Healthcare Association Infection (Nosocomial):
Regarding safety related to healthcare association infection (Nosocomial) items of this dimension the range of mean was from 4.5 to 4.22. The highest mean was 4.5 (Accreditation has given insight to implement infection control standards such as hand hygiene); while the lowest mean was 4.22 (Accreditation
improves culture of reporting incident such as needle stick injury). The average mean was 4.34. Table 4.4 shows
the ranking items related to healthcare association infection dimension.
Table 4.4: Ranking the Items Related to Healthcare Association Infection Dimension.
Hospital's Accreditation on patient safety related to
healthcare association infection (Nosocomial) Mean SD
Frequency (Percentage %)
S tr
o n
g ly
A g
r e e
A g
r e e
N e u
tr a
l
d is
a g
r e e
S tr
o n
g ly
d is
a g
r e e
Accreditation has given insight to implement infection control
standards (such as hand hygiene). 4.5 0.54
106
(53)
89
(44.5)
5
(2.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
Accreditation process has impact on reducing the rate of
overall Hospital infection (Nosocomial). 4.4 0.62
96
(48)
91
(45.5)
12
(6)
1
(0.5)
0
(0)
Accreditation makes our hospital as safe environment for
patient. 4.24 0.70
72
(36)
109
(54.5)
16
(8)
1
(0.5)
2
(1)
Accreditation improves culture of reporting incident (such as
needle stick injury). 4.22 0.68
42
(36)
103
(51.5)
23
(11.5)
2
(1)
0
(0)
Average Mean 4.34
The overall or entire mean of all items of questionnaire was 4.17 while the highest average mean was
the third dimension (Hospital's Accreditation on patient's safety related to healthcare association infection
(Nosocomial), followed by first dimension (Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on patient safety related to clinical
nursing documentation), then lowest average mean was the second dimension in the questionnaire (Impact of
Hospital‘ Accreditation on patient safety related to patient medication information).
IV. Discussion In this study most of respondents age less than 40 years, which reflect importance of physical fitness
for nurses to do their works, after 40 age most of them become senior (charge, head of departmen t or supervisors) or leave working in hospital to other healthcare facilities with less workload as primary health care
centers (PHC). Majority of respondents' were female, since more female work healthcare services in general and
nursing professional specifically. Majority of respondents' were non Saudi (Indian and Filipino), because the
Impact of Hospital‘Accreditation on Patient Safety in Hail City, Saudi Arabia: Nurses‘Perspective
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04115155 www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
education programs in nursing professional has starting letter in Saudi Arabia with few number of graduates.
General experiences in nursing professions were less than ten years since most of respondents are younger in
age. Most participants were from subordinate level and less of them were head nurses which reflect normal distribution in nursing staff in hospital.
The impact of hospital's accreditation on patient safety from nursing staff perspective has high positive
effects overall. The study showed that respondents agreed that accreditation has positive impact on patient
safety, especially, healthcare associated infections; nursing documentation; and patient medication information.
In spite of one study that reported immediate reduction or drop health care services standards after healthcare
organizations was accredited (Derkaran, 2014); when the results of this study compared to previous study;
researcher found that majority of past researches support the motion that accreditation has great positive impact
(Alawa et al, 2009; Sophie, 2010; Ahmet & Sidika, 2014; El-Jardali et al, 2008).
The top five items have more impacted by hospital accreditation according to Respondents:
Accreditation has given insight to implement infection control standards (such as hand hygiene), accreditation
process has impact on reducing the rate of overall Hospital infection (Nosocomial), accreditation makes our hospital as safe environment for patient and staff, accreditation improves culture of reporting incident (such as
needle stick injury), and accreditation has given insight to implement policy and procedure regarding clinical
documentation as standard of using abbreviation. The top items from 1 to 4 related to healthcare associated
infection, while the fifth items related to nursing documentation, then followed by items of medication
information, these sequences of items of three dimensions reflected in nature of nursing job or their involved
roles and the purpose of accreditation program. They were ranking (impact of hospital accreditation on patient
safety) the healthcare association infection as first one, then their clinical documentation, while late one the
medication information dimension reflect other healthcare professional mainly participated such as pharmacists
in medication label format, processes of medication administration and others related to patient medication.
V. Conclusion The results of this study come with supports and emphases on previous literature review related to
positive impact of accreditation programs on healthcare environment processes, outcome and patient
satisfaction. According to respondents, this study shows highly positive level of the impact of accreditation on
patient safety related to nursing clinical documentation, medication information and healthcare association
infection.
In lights of the study results, researchers emphasizing the implementation of local or national
accreditation programs for healthcare facilities with many types or specialties groups, in order to improve
quality and ensure the safety of healthcare services, encourage both public and private health sectors to be
accredited either voluntary or mandatory based on government regulations, establish specialized department to
monitor and facilitate accreditation‘s processes in each regions of Saudi Arabia. As far as further researches is concerned, researchers suggest that future researcher should expand the research's geographic area, a future
research should study the accreditation impact all over Saudi Arabia; explore the relationship of different
attribute of accreditation on respondents attributes; compare the impact of accreditation on several hospital; and
explore the impact of accreditation from the prospective of different healthcare professionals.
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