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Running Head: HYPERTENSION 1

HYPERTENSION 2

Hypertension

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Introduction

Hypertension is a common condition that affects many people in the United States. It is defined as having elevated blood pressure, which can cause damage to the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke (Wajngarten & Silva, 2019). If one has high blood pressure, it is essential to work with a doctor to get it under control.

Medical history

Pathophysiology of the admitting Ms Sato for hypertension

Ms Sato has several risk factors that increase her chances of developing high blood pressure. First is age; as one ages, the body loses its ability to regulate blood pressure naturally and may need more medication to keep it at normal levels. The second is a family history: Since Ms Sato has a sibling with high blood pressure increases the risk of developing the condition in later life. The last factor is race/ethnicity: minorities are more likely than whites or Hispanics to develop high blood pressure.

Therefore, according to Ms Sato, hypertension is the leading medical diagnostic. The healthcare professional should avoid the health condition to prevent further complications such as heart disease and stroke. If you have high blood pressure, it is essential to take steps to manage it. The other reason is that the minority, such as Hispanics, are more likely than white Americans to suffer from hypertension.

Four secondary medical diagnoses

The four secondary medical diagnoses include Activity intolerance, Ineffective coping, the risk for decreased cardiac output, and acute pain (typically headache) (Karunathilake & Ganegoda, 2018). Activity intolerance is a term used to describe patients who experience fatigue and shortness of breath when exerting themselves physically. It can be caused by high blood pressure or heart failure. If a patient appears to have poor activity tolerance, they may feel tired and have difficulty concentrating. They may also experience headaches and sweating, which can be attributed to a lack of physical activity and other stressors that affect their ability to cope with the workload involved in their daily lives.

If a patient is experiencing ineffective coping, a doctor may notice that they have trouble focusing, get frustrated, or become angry easily. In addition, they may have trouble regulating emotions and reacting to stressful situations with appropriate responses. Ineffective coping is also used to describe a patient’s experience of emotions such as anger or sadness in response to their situation. Undesirable experiences such as anger can lead to high blood pressure or heart failure.

The patient's risk for decreased cardiac output includes those at risk for high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes mellitus, and heart disease, all of which can increase the chances of developing this condition over time. Such patients have symptoms of low oxygenation levels. The low oxygenation level leads to lightheadedness or dizziness upon standing up from sitting down. Decreased cardiac output affects people who are not body-active. Ms Sato has been a housewife and lacks a framework and time for body exercise.

Acute pain (typically headache) is a common symptom of hypertension. The pain will be present in the head and neck and may be felt as a pulsating sensation or dull ache. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. In some cases, the pain associated with hypertension can be so severe that it may cause fainting or lightheadedness. The underlying cause of acute pain in patients with hypertension is increased blood pressure in their head and neck. It can generate damage to nerve endings, causing them to send signals to the brain that are interpreted as pain sensations.

Head to Toe Assessment and client interview

The interview with M.s Sato provided more insights on the likelihood of her suffering from hypertension. The physical assessment involves toe to head examinations.

1. Head

The client indicated that she had been experiencing headaches, dizziness, lightheadedness, and visual disturbances such as blurred vision. M.s Sato indicated that the challenges of blurred vision forced her to wear class. All the health challenges associated with the head assessment were associated with hypertension.

2. Nose

Although hypertension is associated with sneezing, wheezing, and a stuffy nose, the interview with M.s Sato revealed she has been suffering from regular sneezing and a common cold.

3. Neck

Based on the assessment of the neck, the patient indicated that she had been suffering from neck discomfort and stiffness in the neck and upper back.

4. Fingertips and toes

The physical assessment of the fingertips and toes revealed that M.s Sato was experiencing tingling of the fingertips and paresthesia. The tingling of the fingertips has always prevented Ms Sato from executing some basic home chores, thus seeking assistance from her daughter.

4. Cardiac

When I interrogated the patient about her cardiac state, she said she experienced angina), palpitations (bruits) and shortness of breath.

Identify five priority NANDA nursing diagnoses.

1. The risk for decreased cardiac output related to increased physical activity is evidenced by M.s Sato being assisted in changing her ambulation and ostomy bag.

2. Imbalanced nutrition is related to ethnicity and is evidenced by the fact that the patient is from a minority group where she might not be able to cater for a proper diet, mainly since she is jobless.

3. Activity intolerance is related to M.s Sato's inability to do the home chores, and it is evidenced that the two daughters visit her at the weekend to act as her support system.

4. Ineffective coping related to loneliness is evidenced in her divorce and two daughters who live away from Ms Sato.

5. Acute pain was related to chronic illnesses, as evidenced by Ms Sato's medical history that was associated with helicobacter pylori infections, colostomy and colon CA.

Conclusion

Hypertension is a condition that results in high levels of pressure in the blood vessels. It can be caused by several factors, including physical factors like genetics and obesity and emotional or psychological factors (Burnier & Egan, 2019). There are many ways to treat hypertension; some methods involve lifestyle changes and adjustments, while others involve medications.

References

Burnier, M., & Egan, B. M. (2019). Adherence in hypertension: a review of prevalence, risk factors, impact, and management.  Circulation Research,  124(7), 1124-1140.

Karunathilake, S. P., & Ganegoda, G. U. (2018). Secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and application of technology for early diagnosis.  BioMed research international,  2018.

Wajngarten, M., & Silva, G. S. (2019). Hypertension and stroke: update on treatment.  European Cardiology Review,  14(2), 111.