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Hutchison6e_PPT14.pptxDimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment
Sixth Edition
Elizabeth D. Hutchison
Chapter 14
Social Movements
A Definition of Social Movements
Ongoing, large-scale, collective efforts to bring about (or resist) social change
Proactive social movements: seek to reform existing social arrangements and try out new ways of cooperating and living together
Reactive social movements: seek to defend traditional values and social arrangements
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
A Definition of Social Movements
Properties that distinguish social movements from other social collectivities
Conflictual relations with identified opponents
Linked by dense informal networks
Share a distinct collective identity
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Social Movements and the History of Social Work
Origin in social movements
Charity organization society (COS) movement: Private charity organizations became overtaxed by the needs of poor people
Focused on individual pathology
Settlement house movement: stimulated by same social circumstances as COS
Focused on environmental hazards
Social reform was primary agenda
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Perspectives on Social Movements
Strain theory: Social movements develop in response to some form of strain in society, when people’s efforts to cope become collective efforts
Strain theory is necessary but not sufficient to predict social movements
Little support for relationship between psychological characteristics and social movement participation
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Political Opportunities Perspective
Assumptions
Social institutions benefit elites and disadvantage others
Elites have routine access to institutionalized political channels
Power disparities make it hard for some groups to successfully challenge existing institutions
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Political Opportunities Perspective
Institutions are sometimes more vulnerable to challenge by groups with little power
Social movements can take advantage of institutional arrangements vulnerable to challenge
Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
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Dimensions that make the political system either receptive or vulnerable to challenges
Openness of the political system: provides neither full access nor total absence of access
Stability of political alignments: routine transfer of political power from one group to another
Availability of elite allies: play a variety of supportive roles; may also limit and distort goals
International relations: more democratic, less authoritarian
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Political Opportunities Perspective
Political Opportunities Perspective
International relations are affected by and affect social movements
Communication technology is quickening the diffusion of collective action as social movements transcend nation states
Global social movements spurred by:
Acceptance of interference of one nation by another
End of classical colonialism
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Mobilizing Structures Perspective
Social movement leaders must
Seek out and mobilize needed resources (people, money, ideas, skills, information) to reduce costs and increase the benefits of movement activities
Social movements have no influence without effective organization of various mobilizing structures
Collective building blocks of social movements
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Mobilizing Structures Perspective
Organize/make use of structures
Formal (resource mobilization)
Resource mobilization theory
Social movement organizations (SMOs)
Professional SMOs
Transnational SMOs
Informal (political process model)
Network model
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Mobilizing Structures Perspective
Information and communication technology
Internet and wireless communication networks have been used extensively in the mobilization of social movements
Greatest power = virtual relationships + occupation of a shared physical space
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Mobilizing Structures Perspective
Life course of social movements
Movement begins ill defined, weakly organized, and becomes larger, less spontaneous, better organized
3 basic processes
Institutionalization
Encapsulation
Factionalization
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Cultural Framing Perspective
Succeeds only when participants develop shared understandings and definitions of the situation
Involves “conscious, strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action” (McAdam et al., 1996, p. 6)
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Cultural Framing Perspective
Cultural frames are “metaphors, symbols, and cognitive cues that cast issues in a particular light and suggest possible ways to respond to these cues” (Davis et al., 2005, p. 48-49)
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
The Cultural Framing Perspective
Social movement groups: balancing act; need to appear nonthreatening and sympathetic; also respond to critics, supporters, and governmental officials
Conscience constituency: people whom are interested in a specific movement because it appears just and worthy
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
The Cultural Framing Perspective
Frames for understanding that a problem exists
Call attention to contradictions between cultural ideals and cultural realities
Frames for recognizing a window of opportunity
Perception that change is possible
Frames for establishing goals
Reform or revolution?
Frames for identifying pathways for action
Tactical choices for accomplishing goals
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Emerging Perspectives
Emerging perspectives
Look at role emotions play in motivating people to participate in social movement activities
Differences in why some see societal change as a major priority while others don’t
New social movement theory: collective identity is vital to mobilization
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Social Movement Outcomes
Must be measured
Incrementally
Over time
Cumulatively
From different perspectives
Is influenced by
Tapping into existing networks that have large base, shared culture, strong solidarity, common identity
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Social Movement Trends
Transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs)
Operates in more than one nation-state
Flexible, decentralized structures
Worldwide offices and local grassroots activities
Single issue to multi-issue organizing by TSMOs
Blending technology-based organizing with face-to-face interactions in occupied spaces will continue and escalate
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Social Movements and Contemporary Social Work
Social movement service organizations
Driven by controversial values seen as socially beneficial
Closely integrate service and advocacy
Develop sense of community among clients
Mobilize members to advocate for change
Develop hybrid structure with collective and bureaucratic forms of operation
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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Social Movements and Contemporary Social Work
Time of growth in…
Inequality
Government distrust
Ethnic hatred
Activism based on social identity
Progress can be reversed
How can social workers empower others to engage in social movements?
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