Research Paper Review

Running head: HUMAN RESILIENCE 1

HUMAN RESILIENCE 41

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MHSR 690 Graduate Capstone Paper

Human Resilience

Adetolani Adeosun

Embry Riddle Aeronautical University

(Why can you not add “Communal Conflict in Myanmar here?)

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Submitted to the Worldwide Campus

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of

Master of Science in Human Security and Resilience

April 12thDecember 9, 202018

Abstract

Human security is an essential aspect of the life of a person and this is because it dictates the current security state of a person from different perspectives. A person is either secure or insecure. When the aspect of human security is promoted, one becomes secure, but when it is frustrated (denied?), one becomes insecure. The research paper will be looking into two essential aspects, and they are: human security and resilience. Some of the different types of human security will be discussed with the aim of enhancing understanding of the aspect of human security. At the same time, the factors that affect human security will be looked into from different perspectives. Environmental security is also essential when it comes to the topic of security, and this is because it also affects human security in one way or another. In this respect, the paper will also be looking into environmental security, some of its causes, and the effects of environmental security. The paper will wrap up by connecting human security and resilience. In this case, the research will indicate the importance of employing resilience in human security. At the same time, the paper will be testing the skills of conducting a personal research..

Executive Summary

Survival among human beings is an aspect that has been present for many yearssince the beginning of human existence and consciousness?. Risks in the world are part and parcel of the lives of people, and the exposure to the risks leaves one with no other choice but to look for different ways to overcome. At the same time, even after being hit by a disaster or being brought down by a challenge, the aspect of resilience is always evident in the life of a person. Resilience and security are two aspects that should go hand in hand. The reason behind it is because security can be promoted in a much better way if the people who are handling the security of a nation are resilient enough not to deal and overcome any challenge.

Methodology

Different methods of collecting data about different research topics are always at the exposure of the researcher. However, the most paramount aspect is the realization of the most effective method of collecting data. The methodology of this research paper has been aligned with the nature of the research topic as well as the type of results that are needed. It is essential to note that the research has looked into the aspect of human brain functions and how the human brain of a human being helps the humans being to overcome the challenges that might be in place (Dunn Cavelty, Kaufmann, & Søby Kristensen, 2015). In this respect, it is evident that the process of collecting raw data would be wanting and more resources must be driven into it. Therefore, the following methods will be employed in this research.;

Discussions and lessons

Discussions are part and parcel of an academic process, and they help in coming up with conclusions that can be helpful. A good example can be seen when a discussion is of help among the students. After the contribution of different students, conclusions on a specific case are made, and the conclusions help to dictate the nature of a situation. This method will be used to collect information on the research topic because it helps in providing diverse and well-discussed findings (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). Discussions among intellectually gifted people result into conclusions that are founded on the bases of facts and supported by concrete evidence (Korc, Hubbard, Suzuki, & Jimba, 2016). It is for this reason that discussions will be used to help in the process of collecting essential data that will help in knowing more about the topic of human resilience.

Lessons are categorized into two different categories. The first category is associated with the lessons that human beings get after going through a specific issue in life. For example, after the 9/11 bombingsattacks, it is evident that there are lessons that all citizens went through. One of the lessons that are associated with the topic of the human resilience is that no matter how hard the nation is hit, the citizens get a way ofmanage to overcoming overcome the problem, and iInstead of whining and complaining, they overcome the trauma and continue with their lives (Korc et al. 2016). The second type of lesson is associated with academics. Educators have a primary responsibility of attending to the students, and it is at this point that they provide the support that is essential to the students academically. The classroom lessons are based on facts and research findings, and therefore the data that is provided can be used to support the current research.

Systematic analysis

Systematic analysis is a method that has been in use for many years when it comes to collecting data for research. The method focuses on the collection of secondary data. In this method, different steps will be observed with the aim of upholding ethical guidelines in research. The first step will be searching for data that is related to the topic of human resilience (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). It is essential to note that the material that is used in any given research must be in line with the research topic and questions. The collection of the materials will make sure that additional information for the research will be collected (Korc et al. 2016). The targeted materials will be books, peer-reviewed journals, reports, and research findings from legitimate and certified institutions.

Credibility in any research is essential. When the credibility of the data that has been collected to support the claims is questionable, the research might suffer because the findings might not be helpful in any way. It is for this reason that the systematic review methodology must look deep into the credibility of the sources that are available for research. The credibility of information is associated with the credibility of the authors. In the process of looking for the secondary materials, the authority of the authors will be tested to make sure that the data can be used to file the findings.

World events

The events that take place in the world provide essential information that can be used in this research. One of the factors that are essential to consider is that the resilience and security of a human being are affected by the events that take place. Therefore, it is evident that by understanding the events that have taken place, one would be in a better position to understand the resilience of human beings (Korc et al. 2016). However, this method of collecting data must consider some factors. The first factor is the nature of the event that took place. The reason why this factor is essential is that not all events that take place help to understand the resilience of the human being. The magnitude of an event has different effects on human beings (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). A good example can be taken in the terrorist attack that took place in the United States in 2011. The magnitude of the attack exposed the people of the United States and especially the ones who were affected by psychological trauma to different levels of resilience. The trauma is the one that can be used to dictate the resilience of the people who were affected.

This method will help to know different things about the resilience of a human being (Korc et al. 2016). The event that will be used in this case is the Communal Conflict in BurmaMyanmar, not Burma. MyanmarBurma has been experiencing experienced a communal conflict from since 2012 that has involved Buddhists and the Muslims. (They are called the Rohingyas) The tensions have been high, and this has led to psychological trauma between the followers of the two different religions. It is not just psychological. It is genocide. The Rohingyas have almost no human security, In this respect, it is evident that this event stands the test to becan be used as a way to understand and look deeper into the issue of human resilience.

The methods that have been listed above will be used to provide data that is essential to this research. In the process of collecting the data, different considerations will be made. The first consideration will be the suitability of the data in this research. The factors for consideration when it comes to suitability will be relevance to the topic and the time that the information was availed. The materials must be in line with the research question and topic, and this is to make sure that the research will be credible. Also, since the materials that will be collected will be secondary data, it must be recently updated, and that means that all the materials must be published within the twenty-first century period.

The Concept of Human Security

The concept of human security is drawn from the primary idea of freedom. Human security is defined as the freedom that a human has from fear and wants (Korc et al. 2016). The reason why wants and fear have been used in this case is that the two tend to have a significant effect on the security of a person. In this context, it is essential to look into some of the factors that lead to fear (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). One of the factors that lead to fear is war. When war comes in place, it is evident that it replaces peace and therefore, it eliminates the security that comes along with peace. At the same time, war limits the freedom of people in the affected area thus affecting their security by a significant percentage.

Freedom from wants can also be used to define security, and this is because of the effects that come when one is not able to meet his or her wants. In this case, a good example can be seen in the African nations that suffer from the lack of enough food to feed their population. Food is a basic necessity, and it, therefore, means that when people do not have food, they live food insecure lives. A human being is also created in a way that he or she benefits from the resources that are present in the world. Most of these resources are categorized as human wants, and this is because human beings need them to exist. When the resources are scarce, they affect the security of the human being. However, when the resources are available in the right quantity, or they are abundant, they promote human security.

The development of human security comes in place only under one circumstance, and that is when the factors that affect human security are looked into. When it comes to the aspect of freedom from fear, peace is a developer of human security. The reason behind it is because when there is peace, people feel more secure than when there is no peace. In this context, it is essential to quote different nations in the Middle East. In Dubai, the human security from the aspect of freedom from fear is high, and this is because the nation has not been on the list of the nations that have been experiencing the terror attacks (Korc et al. 2016). However, the same case cannot be said in nations like Palestine. The reason behind it is because Palestine has been experiencing terrorist attacks over the last years and that has affected the aspect of human security from the perspective of freedom from fear.

When it comes to the aspect of human security from the aspect of wants, the case is not different from that of fear. The development of human security in this context comes in place when the human wants are met. In this context, the human wants differ, and they depend on the type of people that are focused on. The human wants can be intellectual, economic, and material. Intellectual wants are referred to as the knowledge that human beings need to feel as part and parcel of the society (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). For example, most of the people who are educated would be confident when they are looking for a job opportunity in an organization. The reason behind it is because these are people who have the skills and knowledge that is essential to get the job. However, uneducated persons are not likely to even try to look for the position, and this is because they feel insecure because they do not have what it takes to get the jobs that might have been advertised.

Economic wants are associated with finances. Financial insecurity is the term that is used to explain people who do not have a reliable source of finance. From the perspective of financial wants, the promoter of security is money. When people engage in activities that make it easier for them to earn, they become financially secure, and since the money is the common denominator, it becomes the promoter of financial security. When it comes to the aspect of material things, there are two promoters which are money and tangible products. The reason why money also applies to this case is that money is also used to buy material things. When it comes to other tangible things, there is the aspect of food and clothing (Korc et al. 2016). When people lack food, the security levels decrease, and this is because a portion of food is a basic want that promotes the security of a human being. Clothing is also a basic want, and that means that its presence in the life of a person promotes security, but its absence promotes insecurity.

The theory that is associated with the human security states that human security is characterized by the availability of what the human needs to live a free life. Freedom has been associated with human security, and this is because when the human being lacks anything, his or her level of security decreases. The theory cannot be refuted, and this is because it explains the practicality of the situation. The theory states that a human being is likely to be content when he or she gets what he or she needs. Therefore, in this case, the aspect of contentment comes in place. The theory is practical because insecurity comes in place when there is a lack of one thing or another.

The most common method of measuring human security is the assessment of the threats and the promoters of human security. In this case, some of the factors that affect human security are assessed, and some of the threats to human security are assessed as well. For example, when it comes to the aspect of food security, an assessment of the availability of food takes place with the aim of knowing how secure a nation or a population is. It is for this reason that there are some nations which are marked as insecure when it comes to food, and some are labeled as secure. The assessment of threats is also essential in measuring human security. A threat to human security can be a conflict in a nation (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). The communal conflict in Burma Myanmar is a good example. In such a case, the assessment of the conflicts which are a threat to the human security is done with the aim of knowing how bad it affects the security of the people of Burma (Korc et al. 2016). When the results show that the conflict is a threat to the people of BurmaMyanmar, it becomes evident that human security in the nation is threatened.

The contrast that is between the states centered security model, and human security is that the two are separated by the effects they have as well as the population they affect. In the human security model, the effects are narrowed down to individuals. For example, the nation might not be suffering from food insecurity, but the citizens who do not have money to purchase enough food might be suffering from this issue. When it comes to state-centered security models, the concentration is on all citizens and the state of the nation. For example, if the government has the ability to feed the nation and the production of food is high, despite the fact that there are some people who cannot afford the food; the nation will be termed as food secure.

Human Security and Governance

The government of any nation has an effect on human security. The reason behind it is because the citizens are under the authority of the government. The government is involved in the lives of the citizens in different levels. Education, food, and shelter are some of the basic wants that human beings should be provided with by the government. Therefore, it means that when the government fails to provide the basic rights of the citizens, it affects the security of the citizens. In education, there is the aspect of intellectual security, and this is associated with the level of education as well as the availability of education. In many nations, the education sector is controlled by the government (Korc et al. 2016). Therefore, it means that when the government provides enough resources for education, the citizens are skilled enough and when the citizens are skilled, they become intellectually secure because they have all it takes to be competitive in the national or global education sector.

The government also has the obligation of making sure that there are available institutions for all citizens in all regions. The unfair distribution of resources and institutions in a nation can lead to a lack of good educational institutions in some areas. This leads to some of the citizens being intellectual dwarfs, and this affects their intellectual security. For all citizens to be on the same level when it comes to education, the government has an obligation and an essential role to play and failure to doing so, the government affects the intellectual security of the affected persons. Therefore, the government has an effect on intellectual security, and this is because the government has a responsibility to provide resources and institutions that promote intellectual security.

Politics and governance go hand in hand, and at the same time, the politics of a nation have an effect on the security of the citizens. A good example, in this case, can be seen in the case of the uprising that took place in Egypt a few years ago. The uprising was caused by the president who had been in the leadership position for many years. The uprising led to many deaths and injuries, and the nation became insecure from the political perspective (Korc et al. 2016). In this context, it is evident that the government of the nation affected the security of the citizens because the reason why the citizens were demonstrating was that of a government that wanted to lead the people against their will. It is, therefore, appropriate to state that the government of a country has an effect on the security of the citizens and this is because the laws and rules that are followed in the nation are made by the government (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). Therefore, if the government implements laws that are not favoring the people of the specific nation, the people end up being insecure.

The economy of a country is affected by the government in place, and some of the developed nations are a good example (Ryff, 2014). The United States became an economic giant when the whole world was going through a great recession, and the president who was serving during this era was the one who rescued the nation from an economic turmoil. President Roosevelt came up with strategies that helped the people of the United States to overcome the state of economic insecurity to a state of economic security (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). He came up with programs that helped in employing many of the young people of the United States who did not have jobs. In this respect, it is evident that the government of a nation has a connection with the security of its citizens. When the government engages in activities that help the people of the nation from the economic perspective, the people become financially secure (Korc et al. 2016). Even though not all people in the United States are employed or are financially secure, it is evident that if the former president did not intervene, the financial security levels in the United States would be lower than they are today.

When it comes to food security, the government of a nation cannot evade the fact that it has a responsibility to make sure that the population has enough food. This is one of the reasons why the governments engage in activities that increase the food production. A good example, in this case, is Israel. Despite the fact that Israel is in an area that is semi-arid, it is one of the nations that have been on the front line in providing advanced methods of agriculture. The government of Israel makes sure that the food needs of the population are taken care of. However, if the government fails to provide food for the citizens, it is more likely that the action would result in food insecurity in the nation (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). With this example, it is evident that there is a close relationship between human security and governance. The reason behind it is because the activities and involvements of the government affect the human security levels in the specific nation.

Human Security and Conflict

Human security and conflict have effects on each other in different ways. Human security can affect conflicts positively, and conflicts come in place to affect human security. A good example is Burma where there have been communal conflicts. The conflicts in Burma have affected the human security from different perspectives. The first perspective is associated with the freedom of fear (Korc et al. 2016). When there is fear instilled in people due to the events that are taking place in a certain region, the security of the people is affected. The conflict has been between two different religious groups. Because the religious groups have been attacking each other, it is no doubt that the believers from each side fear what might happen next. The aspect of being uncertain of what will happen next due to the conflicts shows that conflicts have an adverse effect on the security of humans.

Conflicts affect the financial security of a region or people affected. In this respect, the case of Burma also serves as a good example. The activities that have been taking place in Burma have been limited. The reason behind it is associated with the fact that the people who live in the cities which are affected cannot go on with their daily activities. This has led to the deterioration of financial security. Financial insecurity is promoted by actions that affect the business environment. Chaos and conflicts are enemies to a peaceful working environment. With this in mind, it is evident that the conflicts have been making it extremely difficult for the people of Burma to engage in activities that help them to earn (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). Therefore, it is evident that the conflicts that may be present in a region are likely to affect human security in that specific area.

Conflicts also have their ways of affecting the human security from the material perspective. When there are conflicts, different operations in the affected area stop and this is because the people in the area cannot be effective without being affected by the conflicts (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). A good example, in this case, can be seen in the production of food and clothing. Food is essential, and it affects human security by a significant percentage. For a nation to provide enough food to its citizens, it must have an environment that fosters the activities that are associated with the production of food. However, when there is conflict, it becomes a challenge to make sure that the production of food is taken to a higher level or maintained at a suitable level (Korc et al. 2016). When the product of food reduces, the nation starts being insecure in terms of food production and that goes a long way in affecting food security (D'Agostino, 2015). The production of clothes is also affected by conflicts, and this is because some of the factories are not in the best position to oversee the operations that promote the manufacturing of clothes. At the end of the day, the people who depend on the clothes are affected, and this is only because the chaos that took place have affected the production of clothes.

Conflicts also come in place to affect human security from the social aspect as well as the national security aspect. When it comes to the social aspect, it is no doubt that conflicts create a barrier between people who were interacting and socializing without a problem. For example, the opposing sides get to start seeing each other as an enemy despite the fact that these might have been people who were living together and sharing resources. The conflicts erode the morals that motivate others to be obligated to being good brothers and sisters, and this affects the social ties between the opposing sides (Korc et al. 2016). The national security is essential, and this is because, without security at the national levels, a nation cannot prosper despite the efforts that it puts in place. The overall national security of a nation is affected by the conflicts because the actions of the opposing sides frustrate peace in the respective nation. In this respect, it is evident that conflicts have a dire effect on national peace.

Human security also has a way of affecting conflicts. However, this might be far-fetched and associated with the decision making process of the people in a certain region. When people know the value of human security, it is rare for them to promote conflicts (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). Therefore, when the signs of conflicts are evident, the people try to make sure that they do all they can to frustrate the conflicts. In this case, the value of human security must take center stage to inspire the people to avoid the conflicts in every possible way.

Causes of Communal Conflict

Before looking into the causes of communal conflicts, there is a dire need to understand the concept of communal conflict. Communal conflict is violence or disagreements that emerge across communal lines or ethnic groups. In this respect, it is evident that communal conflict is narrowed down to disagreements that occur between people who come from different ethnic groups. Therefore, it is evident that communal conflicts take place between people who are in the same nation but they are divided based on their ethnicities (Korc et al. 2016). The causes of communal conflicts are associated with factors that promote disagreements across people of different communities. The following are the causes of communal conflicts.

Boundaries struggles and land disputes

Different nations have their different ways of making sure that people in their respective nations live in harmony. Some nations believe that some areas belong to specific members of specific communities and therefore if the areas are given to other ethnic groups, the action may result into conflicts between the persons who have been awarded the geographical area and the community members who believe that the area only belongs to them. In this respect, it is evident that when there are no clear guidelines on who owns specific portion of land, conflicts emerge. Land disputes also result in conflicts (Korc et al. 2016). The reason behind it is because there are people who believe that certain land should only belong to them and therefore when the land is offered to another group of people, they take offense in that and what leads is war and violence.

Socio-economic and political power struggles

Struggle for natural resources that promote the economy of the community members is one of the reasons why people might engage in conflict. In any given nation, there are laws that are supposed to guide the nation on how the resources and especially the natural resources should be divided among the citizens and the communities (Doppelt, 2017). When the government or the people in leadership fail to observe these laws, conflicts are likely to erupt, and they are likely to be initiated by the community members who have been oppressed. At the same time, different ethnic groups feel much represented and powerful when one of theirs is in power (Korc et al. 2016). Therefore, the ethnic group members might engage in any possible action to make sure that one of theirs gets to clinch to power so that they can feel as part and parcel of the government.

High level of illiteracy

Illiteracy and conflicts go hand in hand. People who are illiterate see violence as the only way to resolve their issues. In this respect, it is evident that when a population has a lot of people who did not go through school, it is more likely that the people of the region may see violence as the only and best way to resolve conflicts (Seddon et al. 2018). Education is essential in every stage of life, and this is because it does not only help people to build their careers, but it also helps people to know the best ways to deal with conflicts. Therefore, when one is not well educated, it is evident that the person might be in dire need of skills that are essential in the process of conflict resolution.

Frustration and aggressive displacements

Frustration can be categorized into different classes. The members of an ethnic group can be frustrated because one community offends some of the members of their ethnic group and this leads to conflicts (Van Kessel, MacDougall, & Gibbs, 2016). At the same time, the frustration might come as a result of the government prioritizing one ethnic group over the other. In this respect, the disadvantaged group tends to take offense and engage in activities that promote violence in the society (Korc et al. 2016). Aggressive displacements might also lead to conflict among the members of different ethnic groups. At times, the government engages in development activities that force some of the residents out of their area. Such displacements may affect the residents, and this is because they might be evicted from a place that they have lived for years. To answer the displacements, the people from the affected community might choose to engage in chaotic activities that promote conflicts between different ethnic groups.

High level of poverty

High level of poverty in one community may lead to conflicts, and this is caused by the aspect of the provision of employment opportunities in a region. When the levels of poverty are high in one region over the other, it is evident that the region is disadvantaged in terms of employment. The reason behind it is associated with the fact that employment and wealth go hand in hand (Quirin, Kent, Boksem, & Tops, 2015). When there are employment opportunities in one community, it is no doubt that the members of the specific community are likely to be wealthier and financially stable as opposed to other members in other communities. In this respect, when the high levels of poverty are experienced in one area or community, the community members, are likely to take the frustration out by engaging in conflicts where they target the community that they believe have been favored by the government.

Exploitation and unjust violation of human rights

The reason why human rights are present in any democratic nation is to make sure that all people are seen as equal, and they are treated equally. However, there are some nations that have the habit of violating the human rights of others (Quirin et al. 2015). When a community feels that the human rights of the community members are violated, the community may opt to look into ways of settling it, and this may lead to conflicts.

Non-tolerance, victimization, and discrimination

Discrimination can lead to conflicts among ethnic groups. A good example can be seen in the case of the United States in the 1950s. The black Americans were discriminated for a long time, and this led to conflicts in the nation. The uprisings of the black Americans in the 1950s saw the nation lose a lot of black lives and some of the white people were killed as well (Korc et al. 2016). It is evident that if the discrimination had not taken place, the conflicts would not have been experienced. At the same time, it is essential to note that if the black Americans were tolerant, the conflicts would not have taken place (Quirin et al. 2015). However, due to the fact that the black Americans were victimized and they could not tolerate the actions of some of the white Americans, the conflicts started, and they affected many people in the United States.

Accusations and allegations of neglect

Allegations have their way of triggering conflicts among the accused members of the society. However, the conflict can be started by any side. For example, when one community is accused of engaging in unjust acts, it is likely to respond violently if the allegations are not true. On the other hand, when the accuser knows that there are facts attached to the accusation, the accuser might engage in violent acts with the aim of protecting the reputation and integrity of a community. Therefore, accusations from either side might lead to conflicts between the accusing ethnic group and the ethnic group that is being accused.

Domination and oppression by the majority groups

In many nations, there are majority and minority groups. In the democratic system of governance, it is evident that the majority gets the way and this is because the form of passing policies and electing leaders promote the use of votes. In the counting of votes, the majority takes the day, and that means that the minority is left dormant because there is no way to promote the views of the minority. When this happens, the minority group feels disadvantaged, and that promotes conflicts (Korc et al. 2016). There are different ways of airing views, and that means that if the democratic method of airing views is dominated by the majority, then the minority is given no other choice but to use violence and conflicts. When the majority dominates the leadership of a nation, it is likely to encourage violence, and this is because the minority groups have no other ways of airing their views.

Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

In any given problem, there is a solution or rather solutions in place that helps the people who are affected or the government to come up with an offer that makes it easier for the people who are engaged in the conflict feel part and parcel of the larger nation. When it comes to communal conflicts, there are different solutions that are at the disposal of the specific nation (Quirin et al. 2015). The methods of resolving conflict depend on the type of conflict and the effects that have come with the conflicts. The following ways are used to resolve communal conflicts;

Diplomatic

Diplomacy is the first preferred step when it comes to conflict resolution. Diplomacy is the initiation of talks that take place between the opposing sides in the absence or presence of the third party (Venkatesh & Shivaranjani, 2016). When it comes to diplomacy, talks take center stage with the aim of looking into ways of bringing a solution to the problem. The affected parties are encouraged to present representatives that air their views. The representatives table the demands of their respective parties with the aim of negotiating. Diplomatic missions stand out to be the most peaceful and democratic methods of dealing with conflicts between different parties (Quirin et al. 2015). A good example of a diplomatic mission or strategy of dealing with conflicts can be seen in the case of North Korea. North Korea is one of the nations that in the recent past have been in loggerheads with the United States due to weapons of mass destruction (Korc et al. 2016). At the same time, the nation has not been in good terms with its neighbor and sister country South Korea. However, the diplomatic missions that have been taking place between North Korea and both the United States and South Korea have seen peace being restored among the nations.

Legal methods

The law of the land is established to make sure that order is maintained in the specific nation. Therefore, when there are issues at hand that need the interpretation and implementation of the law, the legal measures are employed. When it comes to the aspect of employing the law to resolve conflicts, there are different factors that the government considers. The first factor is associated with the aspect of right and wrong. The people that engage in conflict are assessed using the law to see if what they are doing is right or wrong. According to the law, there is no justification of breaking the law because there is an unjust action that has been taken against a person. The affected person must follow all the right procedures that are legally recognized (Quirin et al. 2015). The second factor is the magnitude of the problem at hand. Sometimes amnesty is given to the offenders when the issue at hand is delicate. For example, members of a certain community might engage in activities that are against the law. However, they might be pushed to do so because of victimization which has been ignored for a long time. Arresting the members of the specific ethnic group might have an effect on the whole process because it might trigger the conflicts. In this case, amnesty is given with the aim of retaining order.

The third factor is associated with the motivator of the conflict. A conflict is fueled by different reasons, and some of the reasons are justified. Sometimes the people who initiated the conflict might have been victimized. Some leaders from the majority groups might take advantage of their authority and oppress the minority (Lanicci, Ramsay, & Murray, 2017). In this respect, it is evident that minority groups do not have legal avenues to air their views. In such cases, the law comes in place to question the integrity of the leaders who might have been involved in the victimization of the minority groups. Law is in most cases applied to determine who is right and who is wrong and the results of the determination come in place to stop the lawbreakers from continuing with their heinous acts.

Military

The work of the military is to deal with the people who disrupt peace, and when the military puts the boot on the ground, force is likely to be applied. This method has proven to be effective especially when the people engaging in conflicts prove to be enemies of peace (Quirin et al. 2015). It is essential to note that not all conflicts start and end as soon as the solution is implemented. Some people use conflicts to extend their criminal activities, and this is because they have an avenue and excuse to do so. When it gets to this level, the best option is to use the military (Korc et al. 2016). At the same time, there are some conflicts which undermine the authority of the government. One of the reasons why people feel safe in their nations is because there is a government in place and the government protects them from law breakers, therefore, when it gets to the point that the security of other citizens is affected, the government has no other choice than to stand against the conflicts and employ all methods that are present to deal with the case at hand.

Economic methods

Economic methods of resolving conflicts can only be employed when the issue at hand is related to the economy of the affected area. A good example can be seen in an ethnic group that believes that its area is not provided with enough budgets to take care of the economic needs of the people of the region. In such a case, all the government needs to do is to go back to the drawing board, restructure the budget, and make sure that are regions are fairly financed (Lanicci et al. 2017). The economic method is one of the instant methods of resolving conflicts, and this is because as soon as the finances are distributed, the conflicting group is given a reason to end the conflicts.

The economic method can also be used in regions that feel that their areas are not equipped with the right resources to promote economic activities and to increase the economic value. In this respect, the members of the region might be complaining about the lack of factories that employ the local citizens (McAnany & Yoffee, 2009). As opposed to the allocation of budget, dealing with an economic issue that is related with factories and employment can be a challenge, and this is because the establishment of factories is not something that can be done overnight. Therefore, there might be tension before the results can be evident (Quirin et al. 2015). However, the method provides a long-term solution, and that means that it is likely to take a longer period but end the conflicts once and for all.

Nation-building methods

Despite the fact that communal conflicts take place between people from different communities, it is evident that all the members of the ethnic groups belong to one nation. The nation-building method comes in place to remind the people being engaged in the conflict that they have the sole responsibility of making sure that the nation that hosts them is not damaged. When people are reminded about the need to make sure that the well-being of their mother nation is protected, they are likely to rethink their actions and work towards building the nation (Lanicci et al. 2017). In this case, the members of the different ethnic groups are advised to come together and work towards building the nation. The government also comes with initiatives that help in building the respective nation. This method of conflict resolution can however not work to people who are not patriotic. It is patriotism that motivates a person to ignore his or her interest and work towards serving the interest of the nation.

The concept of Environmental Security

Environmental security is the aspect of the environment being fair to human beings and being free of threats (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). When there is environmental security, human beings have nothing to fear because there are no possible negative effects that can are likely to face human beings. It is essential to note that the security of the environment can be affected by human beings and sometimes nature is responsible for environmental insecurity (Lanicci et al. 2017). When it comes to the aspect of human causes, there are different factors that affect environmental security.

Accidents

Accidents have different effects on the security of the environment (Keim, 2008). A good example of an accident that came to affect the security of the environment was the BP oil spillage in the Gulf of Mexico. The company was mining oil, but a leakage led to the spillage of thousands of liters of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. The accident had an effect on the environment, and this is because of the essential role that water plays in supporting life. A lot of animals and fish that live in the water died, and the water could not be used for any gain (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). In 2011, Japan was also a victim of an accident that affected the security of the environment by a big percentage. The nuclear plant in Japan was accidentally demolished by an earthquake, and this led to many deaths as well as prolonged adverse effects on the environment (Quirin et al. 2015). The magnitude of an accident dictates the possible effects of the specific accident, and this has been seen in the two examples. When it comes to accidents, it is essential to note that they are not planned, and it is not the intention of people in control to affect the environment (Lanicci et al. 2017). One aspect is common in most of the accidents that come to affect the environment. In most cases, nature contributes to the activities of human beings (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). A good example can be seen in the case of the nuclear plant. The effect came as a result of an earthquake. Therefore, it means that if the earthquake was not present, the accident would not have taken place.

Mismanagement

Lack of proper management is also one of the factors that come to affect environmental security (McAnany & Yoffee, 2009). When it comes to matters that are related to the environment, it is important for the people who are responsible for making sure that the management of the environment is taken to the top notch. The reason behind it is because when slight mistakes are made, the environment is affected (Chandler, 2012). A good example can be seen in the case of water. Failure to manage water, it can be misused, and this can lead to the scarcity of water which is likely to have adverse effects on the environment (Lanicci et al. 2017). When the security of the environment is affected, it is imperative to note that the effects come to affect the daily lives of human beings.

Ignorance

Some of the reasons why the world is suffering today are because of ignorance. A good example, in this case, can be seen in the case of the section of people who have been opposing the claims that there is global warming (Lanicci et al. 2017). Scientists have been providing evidence that shows that there is global warming and there is a need for all people from the world to make sure that they stop engaging in activities that contribute to global warming. However, there is a section of people who believe that these are only assumptions that are baseless (Bayulken, 2017). As a result, they have opted not to take any precaution (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). Ignorance is when a person is provided with information about the danger of engaging in an activity and instead of taking the advice seriously, the person chooses to do the opposite because he or she does not care about the consequences of engaging in the act. Ignorance is not only found among the people who do not believe in the information that has been provided but it is also found in people who have been provided with the information, but they still promote the activities that lead to environmental harm(Lanicci et al. 2017). In this case, a good example can be seen in most of the manufacturing organizations all over the world.

Despite the fact that information has been provided about global warming, many nations are doing nothing to prohibit the use of fuels that increase the emission of carbon to the atmosphere. The United States and China are the manufacturing giants, and this means that they ought to lead by examples. However, the United States pulled out of the group of nations that have been working towards looking for ways to deal with the issue at hand (Adger et al. 2014). When it comes to organizational level, Volkswagen can be used as an example of how the human activities ignorantly affect the security of the environment. A few years ago, Volkswagen was found guilty of cheating when it comes to the emission of gases in one of its car models (McAnany & Yoffee, 2009). This is because the company installed software that tampered with the gas emission rates whenever the car was going through the emission test.

It is paramount to note that the security of the environment is not only associated with the emission of gases to the atmosphere but it is also associated with all natural resources (McAnany & Yoffee, 2009). Security environment touches on air, water, and the land. The reason behind it is because all of the mentioned aspects have an effect on the insecurity of the environment (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). When it comes to the aspect of ignorance from the perspective of land, one action includes the reckless practice of cutting down trees. Deforestation is an act that has dire effects on the environment from the soil and water perspective (Lanicci et al. 2017). Many forests act as water catchment areas, and this means that their elimination exposes the human race to risks of facing a water shortage. Water shortage affects food availability which comes to affect human beings.

Forests also come in place to attract rain, and that is the knowledge that is passed to people from when they are of tender age. However, when people are influenced by financial gains, they engage in bad habits of cutting down trees, and this leads to the lack of rains (Bayulken, 2017). When there is a lack of rain, different negative effects befall the human race and one of the negative effects is lack of enough food and losing animals and birds which live in forests. When animals, trees, and birds are threatened, the security of the environment is also affected, and that shows how ignorance can affect the environment.

Environmental Security-Related Effects

The effects of environmental security are adverse, and they can be short-term long-term, or permanent. However, it depends on the magnitude of the environmental insecurity. Some of the possible effects are droughts, loss of lives, climate change, and restructuring of land (McAnany & Yoffee, 2009). When the environment is affected by the perspective of forestation, it is more likely for there to be a lack of rainfall (Adger et al. 2014). When there is lack of rainfall, it is evident that there will be no enough water to grow plants and that will mean that droughts will affect the human beings and animals (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). At the same time, the destruction of forests affects the water catchment areas, and that comes in place to affect the source of water.

Water is the supporter of life when it comes to plants and animals. Therefore, it means that if the shortage of water prolongs, the animals and human beings are in the worst position and this may lead to loss of lives (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). For example, if a water body that plays host to fish and water mammals dry up, it is evident that it is likely to lead to deaths.

Climate change is not a new terminology especially in the twenty-first century, and this is because of the changes that have been taking place all over the world. The disruptions of rainy seasons and melting down of ice in the oceans have been experienced in the last few years. The melting down of the ice has increased the water levels in the oceans, and this shows that the atmosphere is warmer than it was before (Lanicci et al. 2017). This has been as a result of global warming that has been experienced in the last few years (Bayulken, 2017). The restructuring of land is also one of the effects of environment insecurity, but this is more associated with the natural causes of environmental insecurity as opposed to human causes. Some of the possible causes are the eruptions of craters and the flow of magma from volcanoes to the dry land (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). At the same time, earthquakes have led to a permanent restructuring of the land in some parts of the world.

Sources of Resilience

Resilience is motivated by different factors. Resilience is unique in nature, and this is due to the fact that a resilient person is able to overcome psychological trauma and hardships that are strong enough to take him or her down. In the mind of every human being there are thoughts that promote resilience and these are known as sources of resilience (Lanicci et al. 2017). The first source of resilience is hope. Hope is the expectation of better things and results despite the hardships of what is currently happening. When it comes to the aspect of hope, it is essential to note that when a person becomes resilient, despite the nature of the hardships that he or she goes through, the same person is able to come out the next side as powerful and strong.

The second source of resilience is continuous exposure to situations that are heartbreaking (McAnany & Yoffee, 2009). In this respect, it is essential to look at different levels of resilience. When a person is exposed to a heartbreaking event for the first time, the strength to stand the challenge is minimal, and this is because the person is not exposed to the issue. However, as the person is exposed to the same issue for several times, the person becomes strong and gets used to the issue (Lanicci et al. 2017). In this respect, it is essential to look into the aspect of soldiers who are taken to the battlefield for the first time. The first time is always traumatizing, and some do not even want to be taken back to the battlefield. However, as the soldier is exposed to the environment of war, the soldier gets used to the environment, and it even becomes easier for the soldier to be a mentor to some of the new soldiers in the army.

The sources of resilience are divided into two different categories where there are internal sources and external sources (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). The internal sources are the sources that motivate the person going through resilience without the consideration of the second party. However, when it comes to the external sources, the person going through a tough time is motivated by other parties (Adger et al. 2014). The third source of resilience is the concern for others. In this case, the person going through the hardships thinks about others and the way they will benefit if he or she goes through the hardship successfully (Lanicci et al. 2017). A good example can be seen in the case of a soldier who is protecting the borders of his country. The soldier thinks more about the citizens and their well-being, and therefore he gives himself no other choice but to fight hard and to overcome the challenges for the sake of the citizens and the country at large.

The fourth source of resilience is associated with the goals that one wants to attain. Different people have different levels of determination. Some people are not likely to give up before they attain their goals (Howell, 2015). In such cases, it does not matter the types of challenges that they face. They push on to the point of attaining their desired goals and these acts as their source of resilience. Fear can also be a source of resilience. In this case, one thinks of how others may say if he or she quits and therefore the person pushes on until he or she makes it.

The sixth source of resilience is faith or religion (Lansford, Covarrubias, & Miller, 2016). Different religions have different beliefs on how strong one should stand during trials. Christianity and Islam are two good examples that encourage the believer not to be shaken by trials (Bayulken, 2017). In this respect, it is evident that one of the reasons why the people who believe in these religions do not quit is because they believe that they have a spiritual obligation to stand strong irrespective of the challenges that are present (Herman, 2016). Even though Jihad is wrongly used, the people who practice Jihad in terrorism draw their resilience from their faith. These are people who are ready to die for what they believe in, and there is no better way of demonstrating resilience than one proving that he or she is ready to lose a life for what he or she believes in.

Resilience and Security

Resilience is one aspect that should be employed when it comes to any type of security. The reason behind it is because security is essential in any level. Therefore, it is important to maintain a high level of security without giving up (Hummel & Schneider, 2016). When it comes to resilience, it does not embrace giving up or bowing to the challenges and hardships (Adger et al. 2014). Instead, resilience advocates for the continuous determination in making sure that everything works for the best. In this respect, it is no doubt that resilience should be a virtue that is employed in the security of the nation.

If resilience is employed in the security organs of the country, there are different possible results that the country is likely to attain (Béné, Headey, Haddad, & von Grebmer, 2016). With resilience, it means that the country will never surrender to the hands of the enemy and this is because the security agents would never give up. With resilience, it means that the security of the country will always be at its best and this is because the security agents would never give up without attaining the security goals that have been put in place (Bayulken, 2017). Resilience is not only associated with the aspect of standing firm, but it is also associated with the aspect of overcoming the injuries and harmful effects. This means that no matter how the enemy might have hit hard, with resilience in the security agencies, there will always be room for the security agents to stand up against all the odds and recover from the attacks and injuries that might have been caused by the enemy.

Independent Research Skills

My understanding of the topic of human security and resilience cannot be doubted, and I will prove this by taking the research to a different higher level. It is evident that different nations can be used to understand the concept of resilience and human security. When it comes to human security, there are cases of nations like Burma and Sri Lanka. The nations serve as a good example that will foster an understanding of resilience and human security (Bayulken, 2017). To promote the understanding of the topic of research, I will take a greater step to follow the events that are taking place in the world. Currently, there are different hardships that people are going through and the hardships include lack of basic needs and peace. The hardships that people are going through can be used to understand the topic of security, and this is because they are going through these problems because the aspect of insecurity is present in one way or another. Also, there is the aspect or resilience. The reason behind it is because these are people who despite going through many challenges in their lives, they still find it in their hearts to stay strong and push on until the results are positive.

Different researchers have focused on the topic of resilience and human security, and that means that there is a lot of data that is available for me to explore. To promote my research skills and to add knowledge to the research topic, I will look into the materials that have been provided and have focused on the issue of resilience and human security. Doing so will help me to expound on the topic, and at the same time, there will be data that is essential and beneficial in conducting future research. Traveling to different places is also part and parcel of my plans and this is for the purpose of understanding the research question and providing answers that will promote the understanding of the research topic.

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