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HumanitarianismandWaronTerror.pptxHumanitarianism & War on Terror
INR 3403| Jessy Abouarab
The first use in English of the term 'terrorism' occurred during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, when the Jacobins, who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and intimidate regime enemies.
The association of the term only with state violence and intimidation lasted until the mid-19th century, That’s when it began to be associated with non-governmental groups
What is Terrorism?
The use of terror is not a new phenomenon,
a means to achieve political ends
but as we know it has recently acquired a new intensity.
In many cases, terrorists deliberately choose targets as a means of pressurizing governments of the state against certain actions. So its usually a political message.
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anarchism
Anarchism, often in league with rising nationalism and anti-monarchism, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism.
Near the end of the 19th century, anarchist groups or individuals committed assassinations of a Russian Tsar and contestably a U.S. President.
In the 20th century terrorism continued to be associated with a vast array of anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist groups, many of them engaged in 'third world' anti-colonial struggles.
Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.
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What changed on September the 11th?
On 9/11, America..
Realized that al Qaeda was more than a criminal threat and enterprise.
That the network of Al Qaeda and the Taliban posed a dangerous threat and amassed a capability to attack the US on its own soil.
That counter-terrorism and anti-terrorism efforts required a comprehensive use of all US resources – it was not a law enforcement problem alone.
The Global war on Terrorism
The United States, its allies, and the world recognized that the threat posed by al Qaeda, the acts perpetrated against the US, were acts of war…
NATO invoked Article V of the treaty; the collective defense provision.
ANZUS collective defense provisions invoked.
OAS offers assistance..
Rio Treaty
On October 7 – the United States uses military force against those who attacked it.
A coalition of more than 40 countries joined the US in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF).
OEF remains active as elements of the Taliban and al Qaeda network attempt to destroy the Karzai government and attack US forces in Afghanistan.
problems identified with terrorism
Definition:
How widely should the offence be defined?
What do they mean by Political Message
Are the motives and intentions behind the attack relevant?
What is the Relationship between terrorism and Use of force by state?
What is the Relationship between terrorism and Human rights?
Insert a picture of an animal and or plant found in your country.
The first major concern is that of definition.
how widely should the offence be defined?
for instance should attacks against property as well as attacks upon persons be covered?
And what do they mean by political message?
Are the motives and intentions of the perpetrators relevant in making it a terrorist mission?
the relationship between terrorism and the use of force by states in response is posed
the relationship between terrorism and human rights needs to be taken into account.
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Humanitarianism and Rights of Prisoners of War
In armed conflicts, some combatants survive and continue to fight, some are killed, and some get captured by the enemy.
At Guantanamo – or “GITMO” (written as GTMO) – al Qaeda and Taliban detainees (and supporters) are detained according to the laws of war.
The framework of their detention presents unique challenges for international politics.
Terrorism and Criminality
Congress authorized the use of military force against al Qaeda, the Taliban, and their supporters for two key reasons:
Criminal approaches are essentially reactive => convict “bad guys” after they commit a criminal act.
The threats posed by al Qaeda were beyond the ability of the law enforcement community to handle.
Congress also recognized the inherent right of self-defense for the United States and the authority of the President, as Commander-in-Chief, to protect the people of the United States.
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U.S, Authorization for Military Force
That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.
